AP World History (Povletich) CHAPTER 31 OUTLINE The Americas in the Age of Independence BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE: In 1800, the United States was a shaky new republic, and the rest of the Americas were controlled by European states. By 1900, the United States and Canada had claimed the entire North American continent, and most of Latin America had broken free from colonial rule. The states that emerged were vastly different from one another. Some of those differences had been apparent since the colonial era (see Chapter 25). Events of the nineteenth century further defined the societies that emerged in the Americas: Territorial expansion. A booming population and continual immigration impelled American and Canadian settlers to press onto the western lands. Railroad construction in the late nineteenth century facilitated that expansion. Conflicts with indigenous peoples. Across the Americas, expansion brought settlers into lands claimed by indigenous peoples. Conflicts between Native Americans and military forces in the United States, Canada, Argentina, and Chile invariably ended badly for the natives. Survivors were usually forced onto marginal lands. Constitutional issues in North America. After 1800, the United States became increasingly divided, north and south, over slavery and related issues. The Civil War determined that the American "house" would no longer be "divided" and that the federal government would be more powerful than the state governments. Canada achieved independence within the framework of the British Empire, but faced challenges in creating a government that respected both British and French citizens. Constitutional issues in Latin America. Independence left many unresolved questions. What system would best address the inequities between creole elites and the vast majority of landless peasants? How would order be maintained? How best to advance reforms? Often, the solution seemed to be a military dictator. Economic development in North America. Foreign capital, a stable government, free enterprise, and abundant cheap labor: all contributed to the dramatic economic expansion of the United States in the nineteenth century. Canadian economic expansion was less spectacular but steady, especially after completion of the Canadian Pacific Railroad in 1885. Economic colonialism in Latin America. With a few exceptions, the economies of Latin America did not develop or diversify. Instead, Latin America continued the colonial pattern of exporting raw materials to industrial powers. While wealthy elites profited, the peasants saw their standard of living decline. KEY HISTORICAL FIGURES: Andrew Jackson Abraham Lincoln John Macdonald Benito Juarez
Juan Manuel de Rosas Porfirio Diaz Emiliano Zapata Louis Riel KEY TERMS: Louisiana Purchase Manifest destiny The Trail of Tears Mexican-American War Emancipation Proclamation Dawes Act, Caudillos La Reforma Northwest Rebellion
Gauchos Golindrinas KEY CONCEPT QUESTIONS: How did the United States gain control over the territory from the east to the west coast in the nineteenth century? What specific issues and events led to the American Civil War? What was the outcome of that conflict, and what did it mean for the nation as a whole? Summarize the steps by which Canada became politically united and independent of Britain. How was the government of the Dominion of Canada like and unlike that of the United States? What kinds of constitutions emerged in the independent republics of Latin America? Which groups held political power?
How did the caudillos rise to power in Latin America? Who benefited the most from their rule? What factors led to La Reforma, the reform movement in Mexico? What was the ultimate outcome of this conflict? Compare nineteenth-century migration patterns to North America and Latin America. Where did migrants come from in each case? What opportunities did they find in each region? What factors contributed to the tremendous economic growth of the United States in the late nineteenth century? What were some of the problems generated by that economic growth? Compare the economic development of Canada with that of Latin America. Neither became an economic powerhouse like the United States. What are the similarities and differences?
Note the political and economic status of each of the following groups in the United States in the late nineteenth century: o Native Americans o African Americans o Women o Foreign-born immigrants What have been the central ethnic conflicts in Canadian history? Summarize the political and cultural conflict between city and pampas in Argentina.
SOAPStone Document Analysis Chart (CH 31) Ponciano Arriaga Calls for Land Reform (pg. 858) The Meaning of Freedom for an Ex-Slave (pg. 871) Speaker Is there someone identified as the speaker? Can you make assumptions about this person? What class of society do they come from? What political party? Gender? Etc. Occassion What prompted the author to write this piece? What event led to its publication or development? Audience Does the speaker identify an audience? What assumptions can you make about the audience? Racial/gender group? Social class? Political party? Who was the document created for? Is there language specific to a group? Does the speaker evoke God? Nation? Liberty? History? Hell? Does the speaker allude to classical themes: the Fates, the Classics, Pericles, Casear? Why is the speaker using this type of language? What is the mode of delivery? Purpose What is the purpose? In what way does the speaker convey this message? How would you perceive the speaker giving this speech? What is the document saying? What is the emotional state of the speaker? How is the speaker trying to spark a reaction in the audience? What words or phrases show the speaker s tone? How is the document supposed to make you feel? Subject What is the subject of the piece? How do you know this? How has the subject been selected and presented by the author? - tone What is the author s tone? How is the author perceived by the audience? What is the author s mood? What is the author s point of view? (Use emotional terms) Point of View Statement