Alberta Provincial Electoral Divisions Calgary-Shaw Compiled from the 2016 Census of Canada July 2018
Introduction The following report produced by the Office of Statistics and Information presents a statistical profile for the Provincial Electoral Division (PED) of Calgary-Shaw. A PED is a territorial unit represented by an elected Member to serve in the Alberta Provincial Legislative Assembly. This profile is based on the electoral boundaries that will be in effect for the 2019 Provincial General Election. General characteristics of the PED of Calgary-Shaw are described with statistics from the 2016 Census of Canada, including: age, sex, marital status, household types, language, Aboriginal identity, citizenship, ethnic origin, place of birth, visible minorities, mobility, dwellings, education, labour force and income. Users are advised to refer to the endnotes of this profile for further information regarding data quality and definitions. Should you have any questions or require additional information, please contact: Ryan Mazan Chief Statistician/Director Office of Statistics and Information Alberta Treasury Board and Finance Ryan.Mazan@gov.ab.ca
52 ST 13 Calgary- Glenmore Fish C re ek BLVD Shawnessy BLVD James McKevitt RD 1 Calgary- Acadia 162 AVE Canyon Meadows 16 Calgary- Lougheed 11 Calgary-Fish Creek DR Sun Valley BLVD Sundance Lake 22 Calgary- Peigan 130 AVE 14 Calgary- Hays Marquis of Lorne TRAIL Calgary-Shaw Provincial Electoral Division 23 Calgary-Shaw Provincial Electoral Division Spruce Meadows TRAIL 23 Calgary- Shaw 24 Calgary- South East Deerfoot TRAIL Macleod TRAIL Bow River 65 Highwood HWY 2A HWY 2 Km 0 1.5 3 242 AVE Sources: Provincial Electoral Division, Elections Alberta (in Effect for the 2019 Provincial General Election); BaseMap, Esri's World Street Map
Population** Total population 45,170 Males 22,420 49.6% Females 22,745 50.4% Age Groups** 0-4 years 3,050 6.8% 5-17 years 8,395 18.6% 18-24 years 4,060 9.0% 25-44 years 14,625 32.4% 45-64 years 11,425 25.3% 65 years and over 3,620 8.0% Legal Marital Status** Total population 15 years and over by Marital Status (1) 35,655 Single (never legally married) 9,080 25.5% Legally Married (and not separated) 20,260 56.8% Separated (but not divorced) 670 1.9% Divorced 1,700 4.8% Widowed 1,080 3.0% Common-law 2,870 8.0% Household Type** Total Private households by household type 15,210 One-census-family households 11,865 78.0% Multiple-census-family households 455 3.0% Non-census family households 2,890 19.0% One-person households 2,330 15.3% Two-or-more person non-census family households 560 3.7% Population by Household Type** Number of persons in private households 44,805 Number of persons in census families 39,880 Total number of non-family persons in private households 4,925 Males not in census families 2,385 48.4% Females not in census families 2,550 51.8% Average household size 2.9 Page 1 of 17
Family Structure** Total number of census families in private households (2) 12,810 Total couple families by family structure 11,345 88.6% Married couples 9,905 77.3% Common-law couples (1) 1,435 11.2% Couples without children 4,100 32.0% Couples with children 7,240 56.5% 1 child 2,650 20.7% 2 children 3,355 26.2% 3 or more children 1,240 9.7% Total lone-parent families 1,465 11.4% 1 child 840 6.6% 2 children 480 3.7% 3 or more children 145 1.1% Lone parent female headed 1,150 9.0% Lone parent male headed 315 2.5% Average family size 3.1 Home Language (3)** Single responses 41,895 92.7% English 33,450 79.8% French 230 0.5% Non-official languages 8,220 19.6% Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino) 1,445 3.4% Punjabi (Panjabi) 140 0.3% Cantonese 350 0.8% Mandarin 1,400 3.3% German 45 0.1% Spanish 945 2.3% Multiple responses 3,270 7.2% Knowledge of Official Languages (4)** English only 41,570 92.0% French only 40 0.1% English and French 2,805 6.2% Neither English nor French 750 1.7% Page 2 of 17
Aboriginal Identity Population (5)*** Total Population 45,170 Non-Aboriginal Population 43,665 96.7% Total Aboriginal Population 1,145 2.5% Single Aboriginal responses (6) 1,115 97.4% First Nations (North American Indian) 445 38.9% Métis 620 54.1% Inuit 50 4.4% Multiple Aboriginal responses (7) 0 0.0% Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere (8) 30 2.6% Citizenship*** Total population in private households by citizenship 44,805 Canadian citizens (9) 38,960 87.0% Canadian citizens under age 18 10,340 26.5% Canadian citizens aged 18 and over 28,620 73.5% Not Canadian citizens 5,845 13.0% Immigrant Population by Period of Immigration*** Total Population by Immigrant Status 44,810 Non-immigrant population (10) 28,205 62.9% Immigrant population (11) 15,970 35.6% Period of Immigration: Before 1981 1,510 9.5% 1981 to 1990 990 6.2% 1991 to 2000 2,265 14.2% 2001 to 2010 7,240 45.3% 2001 to 2005 3,210 20.1% 2006 to 2010 4,035 25.3% 2011 to 2016 3,965 24.8% Non-permanent residents (12) 635 1.4% Page 3 of 17
Place of Birth*** Total immigrant population by selected places of birth 15,970 Americas 1,965 12.3% Europe 3,845 24.1% Africa 1,100 6.9% Asia and the Middle East 9,005 56.4% Oceania and other places of birth (13) 50 0.3% Visible Minorities (14)*** Total Population by Visible Minority 44,810 Not a visible minority 29,780 66.5% Visible minority population 15,025 33.5% South Asian 2,920 19.4% Chinese 2,850 19.0% Black 1,380 9.2% Filipino 3,820 25.4% Latin American 1,395 9.3% Arab 715 4.8% Southeast Asian 565 3.8% West Asian 310 2.1% Korean 290 1.9% Japanese 125 0.8% Visible minority, n.i.e. 200 1.3% Multiple visible minorities 460 3.1% Page 4 of 17
Ethnic Origin (15)(16)*** Total Population in Private Households by Ethnic Origins 44,810 North American Aboriginal origins 1,530 3.4% Other North American origins (e.g., Canadian, American, Acadian) 9,120 20.4% European origins 27,195 60.7% British Isles origins 16,635 37.1% French origins 3,690 8.2% Western European origins (except French origins) 7,445 16.6% German 5,770 12.9% Northern European origins (except British Isles origins) 2,855 6.4% Eastern European origins 7,885 17.6% Ukrainian 3,340 7.5% Southern European origins 3,640 8.1% Other European origins 355 0.8% Caribbean origins 370 0.8% Latin, Central and South American origins 1,795 4.0% African origins 1,630 3.6% Central and West African origins 620 1.4% North African origins 375 0.8% Southern and East African origins 315 0.7% Other African origins 365 0.8% Asian origins 12,730 28.4% West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins 1,495 3.3% Lebanese 210 0.5% South Asian origins 3,030 6.8% East Indian 2,375 5.3% Pakistani 305 0.7% East and Southeast Asian origins 8,315 18.6% Chinese 3,545 7.9% Filipino 4,090 9.1% Vietnamese 255 0.6% Other Asian origins 50 0.1% Oceania origins 125 0.3% Page 5 of 17
Mobility Status*** Total Population by Mobility status 1 year ago (17) 44,135 Non-movers 37,290 84.5% Movers 6,845 15.5% Non-migrants 5,185 11.7% Migrants 1,665 3.8% Internal migrants 940 2.1% Intraprovincial migrants 525 1.2% Interprovincial migrants 415 0.9% External migrants 725 1.6% Total Population by Mobility status 5 years ago (18) 41,755 Non-movers 21,380 51.2% Movers 20,375 48.8% Non-migrants 12,990 31.1% Migrants 7,385 17.7% Internal migrants 3,775 9.0% Intraprovincial migrants 1,560 3.7% Interprovincial migrants 2,215 5.3% External migrants 3,610 8.6% Dwelling Type** Total occupied private dwellings 15,210 Single-detached house 11,260 74.0% Semi-detached house 885 5.8% Row house 1,305 8.6% Apartment or flat in a duplex 120 0.8% Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys 0 0.0% Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys 1,635 10.7% Other single-attached house 0 0.0% Movable dwelling (19) 0 0.0% Dwelling Tenure and Characteristics*** Owner 13,295 87.5% Renter 1,895 12.5% Band housing 0 0.0% Median value of dwellings ($) $449,466 Average number of rooms per dwelling 6.7 Page 6 of 17
Dwellings by Need of Repair*** Only regular maintenance or minor repairs needed 14,850 97.7% Major repairs needed 345 2.3% Dwellings by Period of Construction*** Total number of occupied private dwellings by period of construction 15,195 1960 or before 25 0.2% 1961 to 1980 270 1.8% 1981 to 1990 1,635 10.8% 1991 to 2000 4,320 28.4% 2001 to 2005 2,590 17.0% 2006 to 2010 2,915 19.2% 2011 to 2016 3,435 22.6% Dwelling Costs by Tenure*** Total non-farm, non-reserve occupied private dwellings 15,165 Number of tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings 1,895 Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($) (20) $1,612 % of tenant households spending 30% or more of total income on shelter costs 38.7% Number of owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings 13,295 Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($) (21) $1,871 % of owner households spending 30% or more of total income on shelter costs 16.2% Page 7 of 17
Highest Level of Schooling (22)*** Total population 25 to 64 years 26,105 No certificate, diploma or degree 1,255 4.8% Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate (23) 5,515 21.1% Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree 19,340 74.1% Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma 2,080 8.0% Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification (24) 590 2.3% Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification (25) 1,485 5.7% College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma 5,950 22.8% University certificate or diploma below bachelor level 1,175 4.5% University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above 10,140 38.8% Bachelor's degree 7,430 28.5% University certificate or diploma above bachelor level 555 2.1% Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry 265 1.0% Master's degree 1,735 6.6% Earned doctorate 150 0.6% Postsecondary Qualifications, Field of Study (26)*** Total population 25 to 64 years 26,105 Education 970 2.8% Visual and performing arts & communications technologies 465 1.3% Humanities 835 2.4% Social and behavioural sciences and law 1,915 5.4% Business, management and public administration 4,640 13.2% Physical and life sciences and technologies 665 1.9% Mathematics, computer and information sciences 965 2.7% Architecture, engineering, and related technologies 5,200 14.7% Agriculture, natural resources and conservation 320 0.9% Health and related fields 2,590 7.3% Personal, protective and transportation services 770 2.2% Other fields of study 0 0.0% No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree 6,765 19.2% Page 8 of 17
Labour Force Status (27)*** Total population 15 years and over 35,260 In the labour force 27,080 Participation Rate 76.8% Employed 24,460 Employment Rate 69.4% Unemployed 2,615 Unemployment Rate 9.7% Not in the labour force 8,180 Males - 15 years and over 17,390 In the labour force 14,270 Participation Rate 82.1% Employed 12,735 Employment Rate 73.2% Unemployed 1,535 Unemployment Rate 10.8% Not in the labour force 3,120 Females - 15 years and over 17,875 In the labour force 12,815 Participation Rate 71.7% Employed 11,725 Employment Rate 65.6% Unemployed 1,085 Unemployment Rate 8.5% Not in the labour force 5,060 Labour Force by Sex and Class of Worker*** Males - All classes of workers 14,270 52.7% Employee 12,395 45.8% Self-employed (28) 1,595 5.9% Class of worker - not applicable (29) 280 1.0% Females - All classes of workers 12,815 47.3% Employee 11,640 43.0% Self-employed 905 3.3% Class of worker - not applicable 270 1.0% Page 9 of 17
Labour Force by Major Occupation Groups (NOC 2016) (30)*** Total experienced labour force 15 years and over 27,085 Males - All occupations 14,265 52.7% Management occupations 1,995 7.4% Business, finance and administration occupations 1,355 5.0% Natural and applied sciences and related occupations 2,680 9.9% Health occupations 260 1.0% Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services 600 2.2% Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport 235 0.9% Sales and service occupations 2,725 10.1% Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations 3,275 12.1% Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations 345 1.3% Occupations in manufacturing and utilities 515 1.9% Occupation - not applicable 280 1.0% Females - All occupations 12,815 47.3% Management occupations 965 3.6% Business, finance and administration occupations 3,555 13.1% Natural and applied sciences and related occupations 650 2.4% Health occupations 1,500 5.5% Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services 1,670 6.2% Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport 360 1.3% Sales and service occupations 3,470 12.8% Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations 200 0.7% Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations 65 0.2% Occupations in manufacturing and utilities 110 0.4% Occupation - not applicable 265 1.0% Page 10 of 17
Labour Force by Industry (NAICS 2012) (31)*** Total experienced labour force 15 years and over 27,085 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting 105 0.4% Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 1,860 6.9% Utilities 285 1.1% Construction 2,530 9.3% Manufacturing 1,660 6.1% Wholesale trade 1,115 4.1% Retail trade 3,390 12.5% Transportation and warehousing 1,115 4.1% Information and cultural industries 565 2.1% Finance and insurance 1,030 3.8% Real estate and rental and leasing 495 1.8% Professional, scientific and technical services 3,020 11.2% Management of companies and enterprises 120 0.4% Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services 1,000 3.7% Educational services 1,435 5.3% Health care and social assistance 2,965 10.9% Arts, entertainment and recreation 545 2.0% Accommodation and food services 1,510 5.6% Other services (except public administration) 905 3.3% Public administration 875 3.2% Industry - not applicable 550 2.0% Page 11 of 17
Labour Force by Sex and Place of Work*** Total employed labour force 15 years and over 24,460 Males in employed labour force 12,740 52.1% Worked at usual place 9,405 38.5% Worked at home 850 3.5% Worked outside Canada 115 0.5% No fixed workplace address 2,365 9.7% Females in employed labour force 11,730 48.0% Worked at usual place 9,885 40.4% Worked at home 925 3.8% Worked outside Canada 40 0.2% No fixed workplace address 880 3.6% Employed Labour Force by Mode of Transportation (32)*** Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force in private households 22,535 Car, truck, van - as a driver 16,480 73.1% Car, truck, van - as a passenger 1,020 4.5% Public transit 4,275 19.0% Walked 430 1.9% Bicycle 65 0.3% Other method 270 1.2% Employment Income (2015) by Sex and Work Activity (33)***^ Population aged 15 years and over who worked full year, full time and with employment income in 2015 13,885 Median employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($) $70,824 Males Employed - 15 years and over 8,015 Median male employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers($) $82,129 Females Employed - 15 years and over 5,870 Median female employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($) $57,933 Page 12 of 17
Total Income (2015) by Sex (34)***^ Total population 15 years and over with income 33,135 Males 15 years and over with total income 16,310 49.2% Under $10,000 (including loss) 1,615 4.9% $10,000 to $19,999 1,295 3.9% $20,000 to $29,999 1,270 3.8% $30,000 to $39,999 1,220 3.7% $40,000 to $49,999 1,190 3.6% $50,000 to $59,999 1,255 3.8% $60,000 to $69,999 1,225 3.7% $70,000 to $79,999 1,240 3.7% $80,000 to $89,999 970 2.9% $90,000 to $99,999 875 2.6% $100,000 and over 4,165 12.6% $100,000 to $149,999 2,285 6.9% $150,000 and over 1,875 5.7% Median total income ($) $62,392 Females 15 years and over with total income 16,825 50.8% Under $10,000 (including loss) 2,985 9.0% $10,000 to $19,999 2,280 6.9% $20,000 to $29,999 2,005 6.1% $30,000 to $39,999 1,820 5.5% $40,000 to $49,999 1,665 5.0% $50,000 to $59,999 1,450 4.4% $60,000 to $69,999 1,225 3.7% $70,000 to $79,999 725 2.2% $80,000 to $89,999 620 1.9% $90,000 to $99,999 535 1.6% $100,000 and over 1,505 4.5% $100,000 to $149,999 1,095 3.3% $150,000 and over 410 1.2% Median total income ($) $36,155 Page 13 of 17
Household Income (2015) (35)***^ Total private households 15,195 Under $5,000 110 0.7% $5,000 to $9,999 115 0.8% $10,000 to $14,999 85 0.6% $15,000 to $19,999 195 1.3% $20,000 to $24,999 190 1.3% $25,000 to $29,999 235 1.5% $30,000 to $34,999 320 2.1% $35,000 to $39,999 240 1.6% $40,000 to $44,999 310 2.0% $45,000 to $49,999 300 2.0% $50,000 to $59,999 735 4.8% $60,000 to $69,999 690 4.5% $70,000 to $79,999 770 5.1% $80,000 to $89,999 905 6.0% $90,000 to $99,999 840 5.5% $100,000 and over 9,155 60.3% $100,000 to $124,999 2,285 15.0% $125,000 to $149,999 1,765 11.6% $150,000 to $199,999 2,500 16.5% $200,000 and over 2,605 17.1% Median household income ($) $117,311 Page 14 of 17
Economic Family Income (2015) (36)***^ Total number of economic families 12,575 Median family income ($) $125,554 Couple families 3,675 Median family income ($) $114,672 Couple-with-children economic families 7,160 Median family income ($) $140,950 Lone-parent economic families 1,410 Median family income ($) $77,436 Incidence of Low Income in 2015 on after-tax low-income measure (LIM-AT) (37)***^ Population in Low Income (38) 2,780 6.2% Aged 0 to 17 years 970 8.5% Aged 0 to 5 years 340 9.2% Aged 18 to 64 years 1,570 5.2% Aged 65 years and over 240 7.4% Males in Low Income 1,325 5.9% Females in Low Income 1,455 6.5% Page 15 of 17
Endnotes: The global non-response rate (GNR) for Calgary-Shaw is 3.2%. The GNR combines both complete non-response (household) and partial non-reponse (question) into a single rate. The GNR is an indication of data quality, where a smaller GNR suggest greater accuracy and a lower risk of non-response bias. When the GNR is 50% or above, the data are supressed. The GNR is identified for each region. A higher GNR indicates the need for user caution. Data in this report have been specially tabulated from the Statistic Canada 2016 Census of Canada, by allocation of the Statistics Canada block face reference points to PEDs ^ Income statistics presented in this report are based on 25% sample data from 2016 Census. Statistics Canada has also released income data using a 100% sample, as such, Alberta income statistics in this report may not match data presented elsewhere. Income statistics from the 100% sample was not available at the PED level at the time of publication. * ** 100% Data *** 25% Sample Data (1) All persons under the age of 15 years are considered 'never married' and not living common-law. (2) Totals may not add to 100% due to random rounding. Census family is defined as a married couple and the children, if any, of either and/or both spouses; a couple living common law and the children, if any, of either and/or both partners; or a lone parent of any marital status with at least one child living in the same dwelling and that child or those children. All members of a particular census family live in the same dwelling. A couple may be of opposite or same sex. Children may be children by birth, marriage, common-law union or adoption regardless of their age or marital status as long as they live in the dwelling and do not have their own married spouse, common-law partner or child living in the dwelling. Grandchildren living with their grandparent(s) but with no parents present also constitute a census family. (3) (4) (5) Language spoken most often at home at the time of the Census. More than one language can be reported if the languages are spoken equally often. Caution is advised when using for historical comparability purposes. Refers to whether a person can conduct a conversation in the language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages the child is learning. Includes persons who reported being an Aboriginal person (First Nations/North American Indian, Métis or Inuk/Inuit) and/or having Registered or Treaty Indian status, and/or membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Estimates associated with this variable are most affected by the incomplete enumeration of Indian reserves or settlements. Permission for enumeration was not given for Saddle Lake 125, and data is not available for this region. (6) (7) Includes persons who indicated any two or all three of First Nations, Metis or Inuit. (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) Includes persons who indicated only one Aboriginal group (i.e. First Nations, Metis or Inuit). Includes persons who are not First Nations, Metis or Inuit, but who reported Registered or Treaty Indian status and/or membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Includes Canadian citizens by birth and naturalization. Persons who are Canadian citizens by birth. Persons who are, or have ever been, landed immigrants or permanent residents. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this category. This category includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016. Includes persons from another country who have a work or study permit or who are refugee claimants, and their family members living in Canada with them. Includes places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere (i.e. born at sea). Refers to whether a person belongs to a visible minority group as defined by the Employment Equity Act, and, if so, the visible minority group to which the person belongs. Under the Act, visible minorities are "persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-caucasian in race or non-white in colour." (15) (16) Refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors (usually more distant than a grandparent). The sum of the ethnic groups in this table is greater than the total population count because a person may report more than one ethnic origin. Page 16 of 17
(17) Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date one year earlier. Non-migrants are persons who moved but remained in the same city, town, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different jurisdiction (such as a city or town) but remained within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date. (18) Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date five years earlier. (19) (20) Includes mobile homes and other dwellings such as houseboats, recreational vehicles and railroad cars. All expenses paid by household renters including monthly rent, electricity, heat, water and other municipal services where applicable. (21) (22) All expenses paid by household owners including mortgage, electricity, heat, water, taxes, condominium fees, and other municipal services where applicable. Highest level of education a person has successfully completed and measures the broader concept of 'Educational Attainment'. A person who has completed one type of certification will not necessarily have completed the certification below it in the hierarchy. For example, a person with a trades certificate may not have completed a high school certification. (23) Includes only people who have this as their highest educational qualification. Excludes persons with a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree. (24) Includes trades certificates/diplomas such as pre-employment or vocational certificates from brief trade programs completed at community colleges, institutes of technology, vocational centres and the like. (25) Includes Journeyperson's designations. (26) The main discipline or subject of learning for the person's highest completed postsecondary qualification, classified according to the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) Canada 2016. (27) (28) Refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over was employed, unemployed or not in the labour force during the week of May 1-7, 2016. Includes persons aged 15 years and over with or without an incorporated business with or without paid help, as well as unpaid family workers. (29) (30) (31) (32) (33) Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment, or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2015. Refers to the kind of work performed by persons during the week of May 1-7, 2016, as determined by their kind of work and the description of the main activities in their job, according to the National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016. Refers to the general nature of the business carried out where the person worked, classified according to the North American Industry Classification (NAICS) 2012. Census assumes that commute to work begins at the usual place of residence, but this may not always be the case. Includes all income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice in the calendar year of 2015. Full-time full-year workers are those who worked 30 hours or more per week for at least 49 weeks in the calendar year of 2015. (34) Total income refers to monetary receipts from certain sources (e.g., employment income, government transfer, Old Age Security, income from investment, spousal support etc.), before income taxes and deductions, during calendar year 2015. (35) Total income of all household members, before income taxes and deductions for the calendar year of 2015. (36) Total income of all economic family members, before income taxes and deductions for the calendar year of 2015. An economic family refers to a group of two or more people who live in the same dwelling and are related by blood, marriage, common-law union, adoption or foster relationship. A couple may be of opposite or same sex. By definition, all people who are members of a census family are also members of an economic family. However, members of an economic family need not be members of the same census family. (37) The low-income measure after tax (LIM-AT) is a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of households. The household after-tax income is adjusted to take economies of scale into account. The adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases. LIM-AT is not related or comparable to the low-income cut-offs (LICO) in the 2006 Census. Direct comparisons with low-income estimates from other sources is discouraged; however, it is appropriate to compare this low-income data for the 87 PEDs presented here. (38) The income situation in relation to a specific low-income line, with those below the line considered to be in low income. Low income concepts are not applied in certain areas based on census subdivision types (i.e. Indian reserves). Substantial in-kind transfers (i.e. subsidized and/or band housing), barter economies and/or consumption from hunting, farming or fishing, could make the interpretation of low income statistics difficult in these cases. Page 17 of 17