Images of the European Union as a Development Actor in Kenya Patrick Kimunguyi Monash University
Monitored Media Owner Reach Daily Circulation No. of items Daily Nation Nation Group National 184 000 111 The Standard Standard group National 70 000 104 The East African Nation Group National 30 000 39 Taifa Leo Nation Group National 35 000 47
Sample 1.) Total Newspaper Items analysed 302 2.) Elite interviews Elites Political Business Media Civil Society Total Elites Number of Interviews 6 7 6 8 31
Volume of EU News Volume of EU News 120 108 103 100 Development News No. of Articles 80 60 40 72 77 36 EU News 43 20 22 20 0 EU News Daily Nation The Standard Newspapers The East African Taifa Leo Development News
Dynamics of EU Coverage 40 Volume of EU news per Month (July 2006 - June 2007) 35 30 No. of Articles 25 20 15 EU News Development News 10 5 0 Jul-06 Aug-06 Sep-06 Oct-06 Nov-06 Dec-06 Jan-07 Feb-07 Mar-07 Apr-07 May-07 Jun-07 Months
Key Events in Kenyan Newspapers Type EU/Local EU/Regional EU/EU EU/Global Key Events EU-ACP: Economic Partnership Agreement Negotiations World Climate Change Summit in Nairobi Presidential Campaign EU-ACP: Economic Partnership Agreement Negotiations Crisis Management: DRC, Darfur, Somalia, Zimbabwe Enlargement Bulgaria, Romania Turkey WTO: Doha Round of trade negotiations World Environmental Summit / Kyoto Protocol Middle East: Palestine, Lebanon
Sources of EU News Sources of EU News 160 140 142 147 120 No. of Articles 100 80 60 52 Develoment News EU News 40 24 20 EU News 0 International Sources Local Source. Develoment News
Foci of domesticity Foci of Domesticity 161 No. of Articles 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 131 98 100 56 31 Local Regional 3rd Country EU 17 28 Developmental Case General (EU) Case General (EU) Case Developmental Case
Degree of Centrality Degree of Centrality 120 117 108 100 80 60 82 63 71 Developmental Case General (EU) Case 40 34 20 0 General (EU) Case Major Secondary Minor Developmental Case Degree of Centrality
Primary Frames of EU News EU News: Primary Frames 160 153 140 120 101 123 120 100 80 Developmental Case General (EU) Case 60 45 40 40 20 29 30 0 General (EU) Case Social Environment Political Frames Economic Developmental Case
Economic Frame: Main Sub-Areas Economic main Sub-Areas 45 43 45 43 40 35 36 Development Case General (EU) Case 30 30 25 20 15 10 10 11 27 17 19 24 5 10 0 EU-ACP Trade WTO Negotiations Transport, Infrastructure, Industry Local Economy, Investment, Regional Integration Aid, Debt Alleviation Cross cutting: gov., HR, Env. General (EU) Case Development Case Sub-Areas
Social Frame: Main Sub-Areas Social Frame: Sub-Areas 60 50 53 53 40 30 20 10 20 21 17 18 11 12 34 23 20 14 16 12 0 General (EU) Case Development Case Education, Scence & Research Local Culture, Social Legislation, Entertainment Poverty Reduction, MDGs Health Sustainable Development, Aid Corruption, Governance Human Rights Crisis Management, Migration Sub Areas Development Case General (EU) Case
Political Frame: Main Sub-Areas Political Frame: Sub-Areas 90 86 80 70 No. of Articles 60 50 40 30 20 38 17 23 Developmental Case General (EU) Case 10 General (EU) Case 0 Internal Sub-Area External Developmental Case
Actors: (1) EU Officials Actors: (1) EU Officials J. Solana, HR Common Foreign & Security Policy Zissimos Vergos, Head of EU Infrastructure Unit Stavros Dimas, EU Commissioner for Environment EU Officials Manuel Barroso, President of European Commission European Commission Spokesperson Louis Michelle, EU Comm., Development and Humanitarian Aid Artur Runge-Metzger, EU Environment Official Outi Berghall, EU Enviroment Official Eric Van Linden, EU Head of Delegation in Kenya Peter Mandelson, EU Trade Commissioner 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 No. of Appearances
Actors: (1) EU Bodies Actors: (2) EU Bodies European Commission EU Presidency EU Delegations EU Bodies EU Council of Ministers EU Infrastructure Unit European Investment Bank (EIB) European Development Fund (EDF) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 No. of appearances
Actors: (3) EU Member States Actors: (3) EU Member States Sweden Finland Portugal EU Member States Poland Bulgaria Romania Netherlands France Belgium Germany Britain/UK 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 No. of Appearances
Actors: (4) EU Member states Officials Actors: (4) Member States Officials Tony Blair, (Former) Britsh Prime Minister Gordon Brown, UK Prime Minister Chancellor of Germany Ambassador of Germany to Kenya MS Officials Ambasador of Poland to Kenya Sigmar Gabriel, German Environment Minister Elizabeth Barbier, French Ambassador to Kenya Jan Erik-Enestam, Finnish Environment Minister Adam Wood, UK High Commissioner to Kenya Anna Braandt, Swedish Ambassador to Kenya 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 No. of Appearances
Evaluation of EU Image Evaluation of EU Image 160 142 140 110 120 100 80 60 40 78 36 54 55 Development Case General (EU) Case 20 0 General (EU) Case Positive Evaluation Negative Neutral Development Case
Elite Perceptions
European Union: A Global Power? EU as a Global Power Agree 100%
European Union: A leader in international Politics? International Politics Not Sure 6% Do not Agree 45% Agree 49%
A leader in international Politics: (1) Environment? Environment Agree 100%
A leader in international Politics: (2) Economic Sphere? Economic Sphere Agree 100%
A leader in international Politics: (3) General Politics? IP Leader: General Politics Not Sure 13% Agree 45% Do not Agree 42%
A leader in international Politics: (4) Crisis management? Crisis Management Not Sure 10% Do not Agree 32% Agree 58%
A leader in international Politics: (5) Development? International Politics: Development Do not Agree 13% Not Sure 6% Agree 81%
Importance of EU to Kenya (1) Present? Importance of the EU to Kenya (1) Present 5 Order of Importance 4 3 2 1 1 Least Important 2 3 4 5 Most Important 5 Most Important 0 Political Elites Business Civil Society Media 3 1 Least Important
Importance of EU to Kenya (2) Future? Importance of the EU: (2) Future 6 5 4 1 Least Important 2 3 4 5 Most Important 3 2 1 0 Elites Political Business Civil Society Media 5 Most Important 4 3 2 1 Least Important Scale
EU Importance Vs Others Actors EU Importance Vs other Global Actors 5 Most Important Scale 4 3 2 European Union United States United Kingdom Japan China 1 Least Important 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Proportion of Importance (%)
Perceptions of EU Enlargement? Bad 10% Perceptions of EU Enlargements Do not Know 3% Good 87%
Perceptions of the euro Vs dollar Perceptions of the euro vis-a-vis the US Dollar Do not Know 6% Stronger 0% Weaker 94%
Perceptions of EU Delegations Come to us!! Good that the EU has a delegation in Nairobi But, dominant perception that the EU delegation deals more with government and less with the private sector and civil society Delegation should come out to these groups and make itself known to them and make EU interest in Kenya be known to people
Perceptions of EU Delegation and its role Make yourself known EU Delegation should: make more use of the media run workshops public campaigns information centres about the EU Government and delegation to involve civil society and private sector in projects as a measure towards encouraging ownership
Thank You
Methodology Daily analysis of newspapers btn June 2006 and July 2007 Any article with the phrase European Union or EU Any article which used Europe as a clear reference to the EU Regardless of whether the EU was major or minor Quantitative instruments in analysis: the level of coverage of the EU in the media the monthly distribution (dynamics) information sources length of articles
Methodology The three main qualitative instruments: 1.) Focus of domesticity: whether the focus of the EU in the news item is local (in Kenya)? regional (Africa)? in 3rd country (non-eu/non-african)? in the European Union?
Methodology 2.) Degree of centrality: along 4 frames : whether the EU being presented as an economic actor? a political actor? a social actor? a developmental actor?
Methodology 3.) Evaluation (objectivity and tone in approach & style) Is it neutral towards the EU? Is it negative towards the EU? Is it positive towards the EU? 4.) Elite Interviews
EU Importance Vs other Global Actors? Emerging Issues Kenya is seeking alternative partnerships in the South due to the EU s strict regulations and conditions Kenya liaising with China, India, Malaysia, Brazil and other developing countries instead EU emphasis on rule of law, good governance, human rights is welcome But, EU should be more flexible in dealing with developing countries like Kenya
EU Importance Vs other Global Actors? Emerging Issues Europe is a more preferred partner to Kenya than any other global player (US, UK, China, Japan, India etc.) historical tradition of relations since colonial period: o o shared political systems, culture, language, values European values: G-governance, Human Rights, Rule of law EU itself more preferred than other its member states: o No negative colonial history psychologically positive.