ECONOMIC SANCTIONS AND INTERNATIONAL ENFORCEMENT

ECONOMIC SANCTIONS AND INTERNATIONAL ENFORCEMENT

The Royal Institute of International Affairs is an unofficial body which promotes the scientific study of international questions and does not express opinions of its own. The opinions expressed in this publication are the responsibility of the author. The Institute and its Research Committee are grateful for the comments and suggestions made by Professor James Barber and Professor James Fawcett, who were asked to review the manuscript of this book.

ECONOMIC SANCTIONS AND INTERNATIONAL ENFORCEMENT Margaret P. Doxey, B.Sc. (Econ), Ph.D. Published for THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

Royal Institute of International Affairs 1971, 1980 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 2nd edition 1980 978-0-333-25707-4 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission First edition (Oxford University Press) 1971 Second edition (Macmillan) 1!)80 Published by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD London and Basingstoke Companies and representatives throughout the world British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Doxey, Margaret Pamela Economic sanctions and international enforcement. -2nd ed. I. Sanctions (International law) I. Title II. Royal Institute of International Affairs 382.1 JX1246 ISBN 978-1-349-04337-8 ISBN 978-1-349-04335-4 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-04335-4

Contents Priface to the second edition Vll THE SCOPE OF THE INQUIRY 2 ECONOMIC WARFARE IN THE 20TH CENTURY 9 Traditional siege and blockade tactics 10 World War I914-18 I I World War I939-45 I3 Western Strategic Embargoes in Europe and the Far East I6 China I9 Arab Boycotts and Embargoes 20 The Oil Weapon 24 3 REGIONAL SANCTIONING PROGRAMMES Soviet and East European Boycotts Yugoslavia Albania OAS Sanctions in the Western Hemisphere Dominican Republic Cuba 29 29 29 31 33 33 35 4 ECONOMIC SANCTIONS UNDER THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS 42 Sanctions and the League System The I talo-ethiopian Case Course of the crisis Economic effects of sanctions on Italy Economic effects on sanctionists The experiment in retrospect 42 45 45 50 53 54 v

VI Contents 5 UNITED NATIONS SANCTIONS North Korea and China Portugal South Africa Rhodesia Reaction to UDI United Nations mandatory sanctions Intensification of sanctions The effects of sanctions 6 PROBLEMS OF INTERNATIONAL ENFORCEMENT The problem of goal-setting Selection of measures Scope of sanctions The cost factor Policing and supervising sanctions 8o 81 87 go 93 99 7 REACTION TO SANCTIONS I06 Anticipatory action I06 Stockpiling 1 o8 Development of alternative external sources of supply 1 og Stimulation and diversification of production 1 IO Defence of the economy under sanctions 1 1 1 Reliance on non-sanctionists 1 13 Evasion of sanctions 1 14 Oil for Rhodesia 1 15 Counter sanctions 1 19 Public opinion and morale 120 External propaganda 123 8 CONCLUSION 125 Notes 133 Select Bibliography I 45 Index 154

Preface to the Second Edition Nearly ten years have elapsed since the first edition of this book was published and although the main lines of argument are still valid, several of the case studies needed updating and new and important developments in the use of collective economic pressure required attention and analysis. In particular, the Southern African situation underwent radical change in the I970s, while the Arab oil embargo of I 973 provided a dramatic new instance of the collective use of economic weapons to influence the behaviour of states. My object was and is to provide a succinct and comprehensive treatment of the subject of international economic sanctions. Indepth accounts of the economic effects of sanctions on the various targets have not been attempted, but in the Select Bibliography readers' attention is directed to works which can fill this need. In preparing the new edition I have again been fortunate to enjoy the unfailing helpfulness and courtesy of the librarians and staff of Chatham House and the Canadian Institute of International Affairs. I am grateful to Trent University for supporting my research, and to Teresa Goncalves who gave invaluable help in typing the manuscript. Trent University Ontario October I 979 Margaret Doxey vii