Vocabulary Ch 17-1818 Absolute monarch Divine right Armada Intendant Balance of Power Dissenter Habeas corpus Limited monarchy Elector Mercenary Depopulation Westernization Boyar Warm-water port Natural law Social contract Natural right Philosophe Physiocrat Laissez faire Censorship Enlightened despot Constitutional government Cabinet Pi Prime minister it Oligarchy Popular sovereignty Loyalist Federal republic
The Age of Absolutism The Enlightenment and the American Revolution 1500 to 1800 40
The Age of Absolutism Philip II...great grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella consort of Mary I *Expanded Spanish influence Strengthened the Catholic Church Inquisition, Wars with Protestants... Spanish Armada *Made his own power absolute Was a workaholic, believed god had chosen him to be ruler Divine Right *Spain became the most powerful state t in Europe Largely due to the riches coming from the new world Spain enjoyed a golden century, 1550 to 1650 Huge cathedrals Don Quixote
*Spain's Decline Inflation Gold and silver market flooded d Costly overseas wars Taxed the middle class Expulsion of Jews and Muslims Reduced skilled artisans and merchants
France Under Louis XIV Religious wars between Catholics and Protestants tore France apart in the late 1500s Henry IV 1589 laid the *foundation of absolutism Religious toleration Built a bureaucracy... roads, bridges, agriculture Reduced the power of the nobles Cardinals Richelieu and Mazarin expanded royal power Weakening the nobles and the Huguenots
Louis XIV Assumed absolute power in 1661 *Was a workaholic, believed god had chosen him to be ruler Divine Right France became the most powerful state in Europe 300,000 paid full time army *Versailles Became the seat of government 10,000 lived there Nobles vied for privileges and paid no taxes
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The Tudors Henry VIII to Elizabeth... 1485 to 1603 *Worked with Parliament Spanish Armada..1588 Sir Frances Drake
The Stuart t kings *Clashed with Parliament Over royal authority, money, foreign policy, and religion i James I Wanted divine right Dissolved Parliament Pressured by the Puritans
Charles I 1625 Behaved like his father Signed the Petition of Right No taxes without approval No imprisoning without just cause Dissolved Parliament a 1629 Forced strict Anglican rules Calvinist Scots revolted *Parliament called 1640 for money Revolted Tried and executed his chief ministers
Civil il War 1642 to 1649 Charles I tried to arrest the radical leaders of the House of Commons *Cavaliers and Roundheads Victorious Parliament executed Charles in 1649 Abolished the monarchy Created a republic headed by Oliver Cromwell "Charles Stuart is a tyrant, traitor, murderer and public enemy to the good of this nation, shall be put to death by severing of his head from his body."
The Republic under Cromwell Tried to crush the Catholic rebels in Ireland Levellers suppressed *Took the title Lord Protector in 1653 and ruled with his army *Followed Puritan morality Closed all theaters, frowned on dancing and music Literacy rates increased Marriages based on love
*The Glorious Revolution In 1660 Charles II returned Believed in divine right Restored the Church of England Religious i toleration ti In 1685 James II (brother) Flaunted his Catholic faith In 1688 William and Mary invited by Parliament to become rulers of England James II fled to France *English Bill of Rights House of Commons given the power of the purse Habeas corpus A limited monarchy
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Rise of faustria ti and dprussia The Thirty Years War. 1618-1648 Started as a local religious conflict in Germany In time involved almost every European power. The Peace of Westphalia France gained territory Germany was fragmented into more than 360 separate states Switzerland and the Netherlands gained independence Prussia (Catholic) Frederick the Great Military might makes right *The great powers of Europe developed a system of The great powers of Europe developed a system of alliances to maintain the balance of power.
Absolute Monarchy in Russia *Peter the Great Autocratic methods to modernize Russia Pushed through social and economic reforms Importing western technology Through wars, treaties, and exploration Russia expanded its territory, from the Baltic to the Pacific *Catherine the Great Achieved a warm-water port on the Black Sea by waging war against the Ottoman empire
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The Enlightenment and the American Revolution (1715 1800) Philosophy h in the Age of Reason Enlightenment thinkers called *philosophes... Lovers of Wisdom Used reason and natural laws to solve social, political, and economic problems. The reasoning of men could free them of their ills and lead them to peace, security, a good government and ideal society. Reason would ensure the progress of humanity and entire society.
Political Thinkers *Thomas Hobbes *John Locke pessimistic 1651 optimistic 1690 People were naturally bad Government needed to be strict to control Social contract people gave up state t of nature for an organized society Natural rights...to to life liberty and property People formed governments to protect rights If governments failed then the people could overthrow them
Political Thinkers *Baron de Montesquieu 1748 Divide the functions of government legislature, l executive and judiciary Check and balances *Francois-Marie Arouet... Voltaire I do not agree with a word that you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it. Free Speech
Political Thinkers *Denis Diderot The Encyclopedia 1750 to 1772 Spread the Philosophes ideas *Jean-Jacques Jacques Rousseau 1762 People born good...society makes them bad *General Will Government by consent of the governed.
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Enlightenment Thinking *Physiocrats...natural t The ideas of the laws for economic philosophes and systems physiocrats *Laissez faire...little or no government interference *Free market...supply and demand Justified revolutions Inspired systems of representative government Shaped economics in the 1800 and 1900's
Enlightenment Ideas Spread Europeans began to *Enlightened despots, challenge established used their power to bring traditions about social and political change Divine-right rule Strict class system Frederick the Great...first servant of the state Catherine the Great granted limited reforms for the nobles Joseph II and Maria Theresa...Hapsburg of Austria Peasant emperor
Oh Other Changes Music and writings Johann Sebastian Bach..organ and choirs George Frederick Handel... operas Messiah Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart... operas, symphonies and religious Daniel Defoe... Robinson Crusoe New middle class Merchants and town officials *Most Europeans remained peasants Lived in small rural villages Untouched by Enlightenment ideas *Peasant life Western tenant farmers or paid labor Eastern many were still serfs
Bi Britain i at MidC Mid-Century 1700's *Rise to world power Island location Colonial possessions Favorable business climate Powerful navy
Constitutional Government power dfi defined dand dlimited i dby law *Three new political institutions in Britain Political parties Tories landed aristocrats...royal power and older traditions Whigs...liberal backing Parliament The cabinet small group of ruling party from the House of Commons The office of prime minister leader of the majority party in Parliament Putting executive and legislative l branches together th Most political and economic power in Britain was held by a ruling class of landowning aristocrats *Britain has no written constitution
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Birth of the American Republic *Settlers in the 13 English colonies protested to King George British taxes Trade restrictions An attack on their rights as British citizens Especially since they had no representation in Parliament Intolerable Acts Accused Colonists could be tried in England American homes were forced to host British troops Boston Harbor was closed
American Revolution 1770... Boston Massacre 5 people killed 1773... Boston Tea Party Protest of taxes 1775... War!!! 1776 D l i f 1776... Declaration of war
We hold these truths John Locke
The War 1775 to 1781 Looked dbleak at the start *The British *The Americans Had a professional army Lots of money Occupied most majors cities i 1/3 of colonists were loyalists 1/3 did not care Few military resources Little money Fighting on their own ground Controlled the countryside
The End of the War The French Alliance *Treaty of Paris... 1781 1777 Battle of Saratoga convinced the French to join Supplied... arms, training and warships Netherlands and Spain also joined United States of America recognized New boundaries to the Mississippi river John Jay, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Henry Laurens, and Franklin's grandson, William Temple Franklin,
A new Constitution *Inspired by Enlightenment ideas Separation of powers and checks and dbalances Natural rights Consent of the governed Freedom of Speech *The United States Constitution would serve as a model for other democratic nations.
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America the Beautiful
The End The French Revolution is next Read Chapter 19