Unit 4: 1450-1750 Age of isms Rise of European Dominance
Renaissance the word renaissance means rebirth this is Europe s rebirth of culture and thought begins ~ 1400 in Italy, and spreads northward resurgence of Classical (Greek & Roman) thought, art, culture, architecture, etc. marked by increased urbanization, trade, and secularization
Italy while other areas of Europe developed strong monarchies, Italy did not: they developed independent city-states (similar to the Greeks) 3 major Italian city-states: Milan, Venice, Florence
Italy City-States all become wealthy due to trade & taxation all are ruled by a powerful family (most notably the Medici family in Florence) all become VERY interested in art and architecture, and encouraging patronage for these things
Renaissance Society at the top: nobility (land-holding, wealthy) expected to be educated and become a patron of the arts expected to contribute responsibly to public life vast majority of the population is free, though money and power vary widely (from wealthy merchants at the top, to beggars at the bottom) role of women: run the household
Renaissance Thought: Humanism Humanism: based on the study of Classical Greek and Roman texts; rooted in the liberal arts (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, philosophy, and history) what we now call the humanities Petrarch Italian who went in search of forgotten Latin manuscripts to print & make public; also a writer himself Humanities + study of mathematics, astronomy, and music = a complete Renaissance education
The Renaissance Man a person who masters all of these subjects is considered a Renaissance Man someone who excels in many areas quintessential Renaissance Man: Leonardo da Vinci
Leonardo da Vinci
Language: Printing Press & Vernacular printing press: Johannes Gutenberg in Germany, ~1450 (the Gutenberg Bible was the first book produced in Europe with moveable type, in 1455)
Language: Printing Press & Vernacular printing press: Johannes Gutenberg in Germany, ~1450 (the Gutenberg Bible was the first book produced in Europe with moveable type, in 1455) by 1500, there were ~1,000 printers in Europe with ~40,000 published titles what are the effects of the availability of printed material? things to read worth the time to learn to read demand for more things to read efficient way to spread information vernacular: regional language (ie not Latin); becomes more wide-spread and defined
Protestant Reformation We ll cover this in greater detail later today. But for now: just know that it was helped GREATLY by the presence of the printing press, and it was a split of the Catholic Church into Catholic and non-catholic (what we now call Protestant ).
th By the late 16 Century France: has a series of wars over religion France is officially Catholic, but very tolerant of other denominations Spain: ruled by Philip II, VERY Catholic England: ruled by Elizabeth I, strongly Protestant
th By the late 16 Century 1588: Philip II tried to attack/invade England complete failure
30 Years War: 1618-1648 30 Years War: in the Germanic lands of the Holy Roman Empire; France v. Holy Roman Empire for religious freedom (and, by extension, power in Europe) Result: all German states are free to choose their own religion (basically a victory for France)
English Revolution 1642: start of civil war in England (supporters of the king vs. supporters of Parliament) supporters of Parliament, led by Oliver Cromwell, win 1649: King Charles I is beheaded
English Revolution Parliament isn t functioning Parliament is disbanded, and Cromwell sets up a military dictatorship 1658: Cromwell dies, Charles II crowned King restoration of the monarchy
Absolutism concept that political power (one person) has absolute, complete, total authority and Divine Right to have that power. best exemplified by Louis XIV (that s 14) of France, aka the Sun King
Absolutism: Louis XIV officially become king in 1643, at the age of 4 actually begins governing in 1661 (age 23), taking over from Cardinal Mazarin (Mazarin dies)
Absolutism: Louis XIV reign is the longest of any European monarch extraordinarily extravagant and expensive Versailles: moved the palace out of Paris Link to slideshow: http://en.chatea uversailles.f r/the-palace -
Absolutism concept that political power (one person) has absolute, complete, total authority other countries with Absolutism: Prussia, Austrian Empire, Russia
Absolutism: Russia Ruled by a tsar (also: czar, tzar) 17th century: peasants become serfs 1697-1698: Peter the Great visits western Europe, and (sort of) westernizes Russia
Absolutism: Russia reorganized the army created a navy divided Russia into provinces to be more easily managed created a new governing body for the Russian Orthodox Church adopted Western mercantile practices & raised taxes required the nobles to look Western (cut their hair, shave their beards, wear shorter coats) expanded options/rights for women: could mingle with men, allowed to choose whom they married, didn t have to wear a veil built St. Petersburg, a window to the West year-round ice-free port w/ access to Europe
Exploration everybody wants more, but Europe isn t very big EXPLORATION! Later, you ll create a map