Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) www.ophi.org.uk Oxford Dept of International Development, Queen lizabeth House, University of Oxford Country Briefing: Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) t a Glance October 2011 This Country Briefing presents the results of the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) and explains key findings graphically. urther information as well as international comparisons are available at www.ophi.org.uk/policy/multidimensional-poverty-index/. The MPI was constructed by OPHI for UDP s 2011 Human Development Report (http://hdr.undp.org/en/). Citation: lkire, abina; Jose Manuel Roche; Maria mma antos & uman eth (2011). Country Briefing. Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative (OPHI) Multidimensional Poverty Index Country Briefing eries. vailable at: www.ophi.org.uk/policy/multidimensional-poverty-index/mpi-country-briefings/. or more information on the MPI please see lkire, abina and Maria mma antos. cute Multidimensional Poverty: ew Index for Developing Countries OPHI Working Paper 38 and the latest MPI resources online: http://www.ophi.org.uk/policy/multidimensional-poverty-index/mpiresources/. Inside the MPI The MPI has three dimensions and 10 indicators, which are shown in the box below. ach dimension is equally weighted, each indicator within a dimension is also equally weighted, and these weights are shown in brackets within the diagram. Country Profile-DH-2009 Country: 3 55 Year: 2009 urvey: DH Region: ub-aharan frica Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) 1 1 The MPI reflects both the incidence or headcount ratio (H) of poverty the proportion of the population that is multidimensionally poor and the average intensity () of their poverty the average proportion of indicators in which poor people are deprived. The MPI is calculated by multiplying the incidence of poverty by the average intensity across the poor (H*). person is identified as poor if he or she is deprived in at least one third of the weighted indicators. The following table shows the multidimensional poverty rate (MPI) and its two components: incidence of poverty (H) and average intensity of deprivation faced by the poor (). The first and second columns of the table report the survey and year used to generate the MPI results. Those identified as MPI poor are deprived in at least 33% of weighted indicators. Those identified as "Vulnerable to Poverty" are deprived in 20% - 33% of weighted indicators and those identified as in "evere Poverty" are deprived in over 50%. urvey Year Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI = H ) Incidence of Poverty (H) verage Intensity cross the Poor () Percentage of Population Vulnerable to Poverty Percentage of Population in evere Poverty DH 2009 0.357 66.9 53.3 17.9 35.4 www.ophi.org.uk Page 1
Comparing the MPI with Other Poverty Measures Column chart compares the poverty rate using the MPI with three other commonly used poverty measures. The height of the first column denotes the percentage of people who are MPI poor (also called the incidence or headcount ratio). The second and third columns denote the percentages of people who are poor according to the $1.25 a day income poverty line and $2.00 a day line, respectively. The final column denotes the percentage of people who are poor according to the national income poverty line. The table on the right-hand side reports various descriptive statistics for the country. The statistics shaded in khaki/olive are taken from the year closest to the year of the survey used to calculate the MPI. The year is provided below each column in chart. Proportion of Poor People 10 9. Comparative Poverty Measures 66.9% 67.8% 89.6% 0.357 66.9% MPI (H) U$1.25 a U$2 a da ational Poverty Linverage Intensity of Deprivation () 53.3% 67% 68% 90% 69% MPI Poor People (millions, 2008) 13.1 67.8% Percentage of Income Poor ($2.00 a day) 89.6% Percentage of Poor (ational Poverty Line) 68.7% Population 2008 (in millions)^ 19.5 MPI (H) U$1.25 a day U$2 a day ational Poverty Line 2009 2005 2005 2005 HDI category* Low Poverty Measure Comparing the MPI with Other Poverty Measures 68.7% ummary Multidimensional Poverty Index Percentage of MPI Poor (H) Percentage of Income Poor ($1.25 a day) Human Development Index 2011* HDI rank* The World Bank (2011). World Development Indicators. Washington, DC. 0.480 151 ^ UD (2011). "World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision." ew York. * UDP (2011). "Human Development Report", tatistical Table 1. ew York. Column chart B shows the percentage of people who are MPI poor (also called the incidence or headcount) in the 109 developing countries analysed. The column denoting this country is dark, with other countries shown in light grey. The dark dots denote the percentage of people who are income poor according to the $1.25 a day poverty line in each country. The graph above tells you the year this data comes from. Dots are only shown where the income data available is within three years of the MPI survey year. Percentage of Poor People 100% B. Headcounts of MPI Poor and $1.25/day Poor 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 0% iger thiopia Mali Central frican Republic Burundi Liberia Burkina aso Guinea omalia Rwanda Mozambique ngola ierra Leone Comoros DR Congo Uganda Malawi Benin Timor Leste enegal Tanzania epal Zambia Chad Mauritania Cote d'ivoire Gambia Bangladesh Haiti Togo igeria India Cameroon Yemen Cambodia Pakistan Kenya Lao waziland Republic of Congo Zimbabwe amibia Gabon Lesotho ao Tome and Principe Honduras Myanmar Ghana Vanuatu Djibouti icaragua Bhutan Guatemala Indonesia Bolivia Peru Viet am Tajikistan Mongolia Iraq Philippines Guyana outh frica Paraguay China Morocco uriname stonia Turkey gypt Trinidad and Tobago Belize yrian rab Republic Colombia ri Lanka zerbaijan Maldives Kyrgyzstan Dominican Republic Hungary Croatia Mexico Czech Republic rgentina Tunisia Brazil Jordan Uzbekistan cuador Ukraine Macedonia Moldova Uruguay Thailand Latvia Montenegro Occupied Palestinian Territories lbania Russian ederation rmenia erbia Bosnia and Herzegovina Georgia Kazakhstan United rab mirates Belarus lovakia lovenia Percentage of MPI Poor Percentage of Income Poor (living on less than $1.25 a day) 21 21 www.ophi.org.uk Page 2
Incidence of Deprivation in ach of the MPI Indicators The MPI uses 10 indicators to measure poverty in three dimensions: education, health and living standards. The bar chart to the left reports the proportion of the population that is poor and deprived in each indicator. We do not include the deprivation of non-poor people. The spider diagram to the right compares the proportions of the population that are poor and deprived across different indicators. t the same time it compares the performance of rural areas and urban areas with that of the national aggregate. Patterns of deprivation may differ in rural and urban areas. C. Deprivations in each Indicator D. Percentage of the Population MPI Poor and Deprived Living tandards Health ducation Drinking. Water Percentage of the Population who are MPI poor and deprived in each indicator Composition of the MPI The MPI can be broken down to see directly how much each indicator contributes to multidimensional poverty. The following figure shows the composition of the MPI using a pie chart. ach piece of the pie represents the percentage contribution of each indicator to the overall MPI of the country. The larger the slice of the pie chart, the bigger the weighted contribution of the indicator to overall poverty.. Contribution of Indicators to the MPI 2% 11% 8% 8% 6% 22% 11% 12% ducation Health Living standards www.ophi.org.uk Page 3
Decomposition of MPI by Region The MPI can be decomposed by different population subgroups, then broken down by dimension, to show how the composition of poverty differs between different regions or groups. On the left-hand side of column chart, the height of each of the three bars shows the level of MPI at the national level, for urban areas, and for rural areas, respectively. Inside each bar, different colours represent the contribution of different weighted indicators to the overall MPI. On the right-hand side of column chart, the colours inside each bar denote the percentage contribution of each indicator to the overall MPI, and all bars add up to 100%. This enables an immediate visual comparison of the composition of poverty across regions.. Contribution of Indicators to the MPI at the ational Level, for Urban reas, and for Rural reas 0.450 100% 0.400 90%, 22.1%, 18.1%, 22.3% 0.350 80%, 10.1% MPI 0.300 0.250 0.200 0.150 0.100 0.050 0.000 C C C Percentage Contribution to MPI 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 0%, 12.2%, 12.3%, 15.8%, 11.1%, 10.9%, 5.6%, 9.6%, 5.4%, 10.1%, 10.2%, 9.2%, 10.4%, 10.3%, 11.9%, 7.7%, 3.7%, 7.9%, 2.1%, 2.6%, 2.1% C, 10.4% C, 12.3% C, 10.3%, 8.4%, 6.7%, 8.4% = = = = C = = = = = = Intensity of Multidimensional Poverty Recall that i) a person is considered poor if they are deprived in at least one third of the weighted indicators and ii) the intensity of poverty denotes the proportion of indicators in which they are deprived. person who is deprived in 100% of the indicators has a greater intensity of poverty than someone deprived in 40%. The following figures show the percentage of MPI poor people who experience different intensities of poverty. The pie chart below breaks the poor population into seven groups based on the intensity of their poverty. or example, the first slice shows deprivation intensities of greater than 33% but strictly less than 40%. It shows the proportion of poor people whose intensity (the percentage of indicators in which they are deprived) falls into each group. The column chart H reports the proportion of the population in a country that is poor in that percentage of indicators or more. or example, the number over the 40% bar represents the percentage of people who are deprived in 40% or more indicators. 90%-100% 80%-89.9% 60%-69.9% 33% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% H. 100% Percentage of People Deprived in X% or more of the MPI Weighted Indicators per 0.669 0.534 0.354 0.260 0.088 0.024 0.011 0.000 70%- 79.9% 0.331 0.466 0.646 0.740 66.9% 0.912 0.976 0.989 1.000 33%-39.9%40%-49.9%50%-59.9%60%-69.9%70%-79.9%80%-89.990%-100% 33%-39.9% 53.4% 0.135 0.180 0.094 0.171 0.064 0.014 0.011 40%-49.9% Percentage of MPI Poor 35.4% 26.0% 50%- 59.9% G. Intensity of Deprivation mong MPI Poor 8.8% 2.4% 1.1% 33% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Intensity of Poverty www.ophi.org.uk Page 4
Changes over time in Multidimensional Poverty Changes in MPI over time can be observed for those countries with more than one year of comparable survey data. The table below shows the percentage of people who are MPI poor in the 109 developing countries analysed. It compares changes over time by showing the value and confidence interval for the multidimensional poverty rate (MPI) and its two components: incidence of poverty (H) and average intensity of deprivation faced by the poor () at the national level. Graph I meanwhile shows changes over time in the percentage of people who are poor and deprived in each indicator. The horizontal (or z ) bar denotes the value, while the vertical line shows the standard error. Together the table and graph enable us to assess the statistical significance of changes over time to the overall MPI score and in each dimension. Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI = H ) Incidence of Poverty (H) verage Intensity cross the Poor () Country urvey Year Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower Upper DH 2004 0.402 0.371 0.432 69.5% 65.4% 73.5% 57.8% 56.4% 59.2% DH 2009 0.357 0.344 0.369 66.9% 64.8% 69.0% 53.3% 52.8% 53.9% I. Changes in the percentage of people who are poor and deprived in each indicator (value and confidence intervals) www.ophi.org.uk Page 5