Cooperative Federalism

Cooperative Federalism 1930-1960 Isabel Fernandez, Ibrahim Elsharkawy, Manny Bhatia, Alan Puma, Marcelo Perez

Prior to Cooperative Federalism - Cooperative Federalism is the belief that the state government and the federal government should cooperate, and work together to govern, while the federal government remains supreme. - Before Cooperative Federalism emerged, state and federal governments function separately and equally (dual federalism).

Societal Changes

Societal Changes The US moved away from the system of dual federalism, prevalent in the country since its inception, to the new ideology in which the federal and state governments work together to solve national problems, known as cooperative federalism. Understanding the cultural landscape of this point in American history is pivotal when it comes to understanding how and why this major governmental shift came about

The Great Depression (1929-39) Caused by the stock market crash of 1929, the great depression was the worst economic downturn in American history Over 20% of the US population (15 million people) was unemployed Nearly half of the country s banks had failed Poverty and homelessness increased

Franklin Delano Roosevelt FDR elected in 1932 in hopes that he would restore the nation s economy to its former glory and put an end to the depression which Hoover had done little to fix. Roosevelt s immediate actions Bank Holiday Fireside Chats Alphabet Soup Roosevelt s New Deal- a series of programs instituted by FDR to restore American prosperity

World War II At the start of World War II, the federal government had an unprecedented amount of powers gained during the Great Depression and the years that followed The federal government employed nearly 5 million people(8.1%) in government related jobs Federal regulation increased; agricultural production, labor-management relations, wages, hours, working conditions, retirement and unemployment. World War II would expand that power even more Increased taxes greatly Controlled resources, rationing Japanese concentration camps Censorship

Major Court Cases

Major Court Cases NLRB v. Jones Laughlin Steel Corp (1937): Constitutionality of New Deal s NLRB - Declared the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 constitutional, which protected the rights of the union members. USA v. Darby (1941) : Darby Lumber Co. violates FDR s Fair Labor Standard Act, questions constitutionality - Supreme Court rules that it is constitutional for federal government to regulate commerce.

Court Cases Cont. Wickard v Filburn (1942): Farmer argued federal government s authority over his production of wheat - Supreme Court upheld federal government's authority of regulating wheat. Korematsu v. USA (1944): Japanese man claimed Japanese internment camps during WWII were unconstitutional. - Supreme court ruled that Korematsu was in the wrong because the countries safety was more important than individual rights of Japanese Americans.

Court Cases cont. Brown v. Board of Education (1954): 13 parents file suit to reverse racial segregation in public schools - Supreme Court rules that state laws segregating schools are unconstitutional, overturning Plessy v. Ferguson (separate cannot be equal).

Effect of Court Cases on Federalism All major court cases during the era of Cooperative Federalism increased the scope of the federal government s power, from simply enumerated powers, to any necessary and proper powers. Many enhanced the Constitution's Commerce Clause, which allowed the federal government increased power and regulation over local and state affairs. Some court cases also increased the area of the federal government s power, from just foreign policy etc. to more social issues which had previously been left entirely to the states.

Amendments

Amendments 20th Amendment (1933)- Moved the beginning and ending of the terms of the president and vice president from March 4 to January 20, and of members of Congress from March 4 to January 3. It shortened the period of time between the presidential election and inauguration in order to eliminate Lame Duck presidents and congress. It also has provisions that determine what is to be done when there is no president-elect. 21st Amendment (1933)- Repealed the 18th Amendment (which prohibited the manufacturing or sale of alcohol within the US) and makes it a federal offense to transport or import intoxicating liquors into US states and territories where such transport or importation is prohibited by the laws of those states and territories

Amendments cont. 22nd Amendment (1951)- Limits the number of times that a person can be elected president: a person cannot be elected president more than twice, and a person who has served more than two years of a term to which someone else was elected cannot be elected more than once.

Legislation

Legislation Expanding the role of government further than any other time in US history, Legislation during this era highlights the major shift brought on by the rise of Cooperative Federalism. Many Laws were passed in a short period of time, becoming what APUSH students now know as the Alphabet Soup, a lengthy collection of Legislation acronyms

Historical Context This time period was a tough time for the American people,who faced many challenges The Great Depression Triggered by a stock market crash, a decade of bad spending habits resulted in the biggest recession in US history The Dust Bowl Bad farming techniques resulting in massive crop failure and dust storms. WWII A worldwide scale war in which the US had to fight on 2 fronts. Due to these hardships, Cooperative Federalism rose out of need for better government cooperation.

Laws: The Great Depression (The New Deal) Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) Body created by Congress in 1933 to put millions of young men to work on Conservation Projects throughout the United States. CCC workers reforested timberlands, fought forest fires, built public roads, and maintained public parks. The CCC was one of the most popular relief and recovery programs of the New Deal. Emergency Banking Relief Act A bill passed by Congress in March 1933 to give President Franklin Delano Roosevelt power to regulate the banking system and foreign exchange. Congress passed the act, which was the first piece of New Deal legislation, after Roosevelt declared a national banking holiday. Fair Labor Standards Act A bill passed in 1938 to establish a national minimum wage and a forty-hour workweek for workers employed by companies conducting interstate commerce. The Fair Labor Standards Act was one of the last pieces of Second New Deal legislation.

Laws: The Great Depression (The New Deal) cont. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) A corporation created as a result of the 1933 Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act to protect individual savings accounts. The FDIC eliminated fly-by-night banks that had plagued the South and West for over a century and restored public confidence in the banking system. The FDIC was one of the main New Deal programs designed to reform the financial sector of the economy. Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) An administration that Roosevelt and Congress created during the First Hundred Days to provide immediate economic relief. Unlike Herbert Hoover s Reconstruction Finance Corporation, FERA distributed grants not loans to state governments and individuals. Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act An act passed in 1933 to bar U.S. banks from underwriting stocks and bonds. The act also created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). Unlike the Emergency Banking Relief Act, the Glass-Steagall Act was aimed at providing long-term reform. Public Works Administration (PWA) A government administration that Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Congress formed in 1933 to create new jobs, improve the nation s infrastructure, and provide unemployment relief. Part of the First New Deal, the PWA was very similar to the Works Progress Administration of the Second New Deal.

Laws: The Great Depression (The New Deal) cont. Smoot-Hawley Tariff A tariff passed by Congress and Herbert Hoover in 1930 that raised the tax on foreign goods to nearly 60 percent. The Smoot-Hawley Tariff crippled the American and international economies at a time when the world badly needed trade not trade protection to pull out of the widespread economic depression that was rapidly unfolding into the Great Depression. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) A government agency specifically created to help the Tennessee River Valley, which was one of the poorest regions of the United States during and prior to the Great Depression. The TVA worked to modernize the region and reduce unemployment by hiring local workers to construct dams and hydroelectric power plants. The TVA, though a success, was not without controversy: electric companies denounced the agency for producing cheap electricity and decreasing profits, and conservative Americans saw government-produced electricity as a step toward socialism. Still, the TVA improved the quality of life in the region so much that similar projects soon sprang up in the West and South. Within a decade, many major U.S. rivers had dams and hydroelectric power plants to provide electricity and jobs. Works Progress Administration (WPA) A government administration created in 1935 to hire over 10 million American men to construct Public Works Projects such as roads, bridges, and public buildings. The WPA, one of the most significant programs created during the Second New Deal, helped provide immediate relief for many Americans during the Great Depression.

Laws: The Great Depression (The New Deal) cont. Wagner Act A 1935 act of Congress that legalized labor unions right to organize and bargain collectively. Also known as the National Labor Relations Act, the passage of the act was a momentous day for American laborers and initiated a series of strikes throughout the country. The act also helped the Congress Of Industrial Organizations to form in 1935. Social Security Act A 1935 act that established pensions for the elderly, handicapped, and unemployed. The Social Security Act completely changed the way Americans thought about work and proved to be one of the most significant pieces of legislation In the Second New Deal.

Laws: The Dust Bowl (Agriculture) Second Agricultural Adjustment Administration A body created in 1938 that paid Subsidies to farmers to cut farm acreage in order to curb overproduction. Congress created the Second Agricultural Adjustment Administration after the Supreme Court declared the First Administration unconstitutional. Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act A bill passed by Congress in 1936 (as part of the Second New Deal) that paid farmers subsidies to grow fewer crops in order to curb overproduction. The act also gave farmers extra subsidies to plant crops that would put nutrients back in the soil, in lieu of nutrient-depleting crops such as wheat.

Laws: WWII Wars Power Act of 1941 An act that gave the federal government, specifically the executive branch, much more power during war. This act allowed for many of the actions taken in the war, including the manhattan project and the infamous japanese internment. Emergency Price Control Act of 1942 This act allowed for the federal government to control and regulate prices of everyday goods to insure us wartime economic efficiency. To accomplish this, the act set up the Office of Price Regulation (OPA).

Laws: Other Indian Reorganization Act An act passed in 1934 to permit Native American tribal councils to own land. The Indian Reorganization Act reversed the 1887 Dawes Severalty Act, and although it was only a partial success, it did alter federal government relations with America s Native American tribes. Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 This act authorized and funded the construction of over 41,000 miles of interstate highways.

Executive Action

Executive Actions (Increasing federal Power) President Roosevelt made a lot of changes, by using and abusing the president s power of executive orders. - Roosevelt s New deal brought many changes to social, economical status. - Roosevelt took lead in international relations, setting a precedent for the future presidents. - Japanese American internment: Internment and seizure of property began, per Executive Order 9066 issued by President Roosevelt - President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 8802, prohibiting racial discrimination in the defense industry. - Japanese American internment: Internment and seizure of property began, per Executive Order 9066 issued by President Roosevelt

Continued... - Brought the Federal reserve system into full momentum, to efficiently manage resources during the war. Federal grant given more or less automatically to states or communities to support broad programs in areas such as community development and social services.

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Sources

Sources https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/legal-events-timeline.html https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-16759233 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/timeline_of_united_states_history https://opinionfront.com/the-concept-of-cooperative-federalism-explained-with-examples https://fee.org/articles/how-war-amplified-federal-power-in-the-twentieth-century/