American International Journal of Available online at http://www.iasir.net Research in Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences ISSN (Print): 2328-3734, ISSN (Online): 2328-3696, ISSN (CD-ROM): 2328-3688 AIJRHASS is a refereed, indexed, peer-reviewed, multidisciplinary and open access journal published by International Association of Scientific Innovation and Research (IASIR), USA (An Association Unifying the Sciences, Engineering, and Applied Research) The Role of Importance of Entrepreneurs on Social and Economic Development in Gicumbi District Onesme Ndisanze 1, Macumi Pontien 2 1,2 University of Rwanda-Colege of Education, KG 11 Ave, Kigali, RWANDA. Abstract: The general objective of this study is to investigate of the role of rural entrepreneurs on social and economic development in Gicumbi District. In this study the researcher uses descriptive research design to explain in details and describe the importance of rural entrepreneurs to economic and social development in the Rwanda especially in Gicumbi District. The research design adopted for this study is descriptive study design where elements of the selected case study were described and interpreted by using qualitative and quantitative designs. The population under this study comprises different categories of the population of Gicumbi District who are entrepreneurs meaning 6757 people. However, it is not possible to deal with such number of population that is why the researcher has chosen the simple size of 62 through the formula of Alain Bouchard and the selection was obtained using clustering sampling method because the entrepreneurs of Gicumbi are geographically scattered in different sectors. To collect the information or data, the interviews were used in situations where the respondents claim not to have enough time to attend the questionnaires. The interview technique has also allowed the researcher to maintain freely with the different people and authorities and to question each of them on the general theme another method of collecting furthermore data were collected using questionnaire where a set of questions were answered by rural entrepreneurs in English and those who do not understand English were facilitated to use Kinyarwanda without supervision or explanations. The results reveal that rural entrepreneurs have generated the employment, promoted the export, used the local resources, paid the tax and promoted innovation because the majority of the respondents pointed out by 87.09% of respondents have created employment, 83.87% confirmed that they have promoted the export, 62.90% have said that they have used local resources that could be harmful for the environment, 70.96% of rural entrepreneurs have said that they have paid tax and 50% said that they have promoted the innovation by creating novel products to the society. I. INTRODUCTION Actually the world of today is dominated by a rapid development in all aspects economically and socially where every country needs to improve the ways in which people survive through the use of different tools including promotion of entrepreneurship (Shimeles, 2010) In Africa, all countries have fixed the objectives of teaching entrepreneurship from primary schools until the university in order to increase the income of people because a large number of countries are considered as underdeveloped and in order to develop they have to encourage the culture of business creation (Sekabaraga, 2011) Rwanda as one of the countries of Africa has the vision to of being self-reliant meaning economic independence because as it is known at the end of year every country should prepare the national budget which is made by expenditures and the receipts. The reason of taking this decision is that one source of the government is from the donors or European countries and it was observable that amount of money from donors was not sufficient to cover all governmental expenses and even before getting gifts and loan from outside the countries, the donors and external financial institutions impose certain conditions to less developed countries on how money will be used in different activities (Rondinelli, 1981) In addition the country of Rwanda has established the major strategies of improving the public budget for increasing the total production in every area of Rwanda through the promotion of entrepreneurship by reducing the tax, facilitating entrepreneurs to obtain the license for starting the new business, protecting the copyrights of entrepreneurs and creation of infrastructures in whole the country however in some rural Districts including Gicumbi District do not generate a high level of production for increasing the social and economic standards of living(nsibambi,1998) AIJRHASS 19-129; 2018, AIJRHASS All Rights Reserved Page 140
II. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The country of Rwanda is one of the African countries which is located in Eastern Africa, this country was assigned the objective of increasing the standards of living for all people living in Rwanda where it has created different programs for increasing the total production because the genocide occurred in 1994 has destroyed all the economy of the country in line with this purpose the government of Rwanda has been ranked at the third place to be a country attracting the investors and currently the economy has increased at the percentage above five percent for every year after the genocide but even if the total production or gross domestic product increases from one year to another, the country of Rwanda is very characterized by an extreme regional inequality where in urban area the standards of living are very high, they have more infrastructures such as schools, hospital,roads however in rural the majority of people above ninety five percent living in rural area are suffering a lot from lack of food, water,shelter and other basic needs due to low level of income(unpp report,1997).due to this problem,the researcher intends to investigate the role of rural entrepreneurs in the promotion of social and economic development in Rwanda especially in Gicumbi District. III. GENERAL OBJECTIVE The general objective of this study is to investigate of the role of rural entrepreneurs on social and economic development of Gicumbi District IV. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES To find out the level of efficiency in service delivery of rural entrepreneurs to the customers in Gicumbi District To investigate the problems hindering rural entrepreneurs development To investigate the relationship between rural entrepreneurs and social economic development in Gicumbi District V. LITERATURE REVIEW This literature review shows different ideas from many authors who have given their ideas about the characteristics that entrepreneurs should exhibit especially in rural area and their role in social and economic development of the country. Characteristics of rural entrepreneurs According to Baily (1978) entrepreneur may have the skills of organizing or combining the resources including capital, labor and raw materials in order to start a business and becomes successful In addition, Schmidt (2008) suggested that the entrepreneur may have the mindset that even if he has combined more resources or factors of production the results from the business creation should not be always positive because there is a time where the business can collapse especially in rural area where there are not more customers compare to the urban area and in this situation it up to the entrepreneur to know how the situation can be managed himself so he has to accept the risks In addition (Baland,1999)contended that before starting the business, it is very necessary to know what you want to achieve or to become, without the vision, it may be very difficult to reach the sustainable development of the entrepreneur and the country in general further more rural entrepreneurs may know the characteristics of the customers they want to sell the product or render the service because the behaviors of citizens change time to time thus the best entrepreneur might react according the customer s needs and being able to adopt the change that can be from inside or outside the organisation Entrepreneur may have the characteristic of innovation concerning with the ability of creating the new product or service at the market, currently the rural businesses are characterized by having more competitors meaning people who produce similar product and now the strategies to be taken by rural entrepreneurs is to provide the products that are very different from their close competitors and adopt to the innovation and creativity. Another characteristic of rural entrepreneurs as it was suggested by Kendal (1992),rural entrepreneurs may have the skills which may help him to adopt in the society including the communication skills since when you want to serve the customer you have to communicate with him in that case once the person is not able to exchange the ideas, opinions and feelings with the customers it may not be easy to get the profit or to achieve long-term survival of the business in addition the rural entrepreneurs have to be fluent in languages. For Kakooza (1996) pointed that hardworking is another factor or characteristic which may affect the performance or success of the rural entrepreneurs, if they work hard, the results from the organisation can be high but if the person doesn t make an effort in what he does, the level of profit may decrease so rural entrepreneurs have the responsibilities of maximizing the time of working and helping the country of Rwanda to achieve the economic growth. Furthermore Mubumbati(1980) contended that problem solving ability is another factor for business success because the conflicts within the organisation are not avoidable where most rural businesses faced the problems of disagreement with the employees in terms of salaries, promotion or moving from one position to other, disagreement about the hours of working because many employees in rural area desire to work few hours and earn high salaries but even if the resolution of the conflicts in rural area is not easy, the entrepreneurs living or AIJRHASS 19-129; 2018, AIJRHASS All Rights Reserved Page 141
carrying the entrepreneurial activities need the skills on how they can minimize this king of disagreement occurring between the employees and managers or employees themselves. According to Scheider,P and K.Hanson(2006), said that the entrepreneur is a person who is motivated by the profit especially in rural where the development is not high compared to the urban environment so what to do is that every person should try to adopt himself and look for how he can adopt himself in order to survive and satisfy his needs, it was observable that in the village it is critical to find food, shelter and what drink,the solution is that every person needs to have idea on how he increase the standards of living through the starting of the business but if you want to create a business you have to keep secret because telling people what you are planning to do in the future might influence other people to start your business and earn a huge amount of profit before your starting. Therefore it is advisable to start keep secret in what you intend to do if you want to perform well because actually the business environment is highly competitive The decision making is another driver of economic or social development is being able to take a decision about which type of the business you are about to create there many types of businesses including marketing businesses in charges of advertising, manufacturing business that produce goods and services at the market, trading businesses that sell and the product with the purpose of getting the profit which is the difference between sales and the cost therefore the entrepreneur has to be able to take decision on which type of the business he can create in rural area and get more profit based on the availability of opportunities as well as the customer s needs (scheider,2011) Referring to chankova S and Sulybach(2008),they said that the entrepreneur should have the opportunity seeking, this means identifying and exploiting the opportunities. A person who is able to find out what can help him to start the business even in the situation where other people are not able to see, in rural area there is the chance of getting employees helping the business to operate in the daily activities and getting the factors of production at a reasonable price. Another characteristic of entrepreneur is planning and monitoring. The entrepreneur should be able to put in place planning and monitoring the business activities with the purpose of knowing whether the business is succeeding or failing (Knight, 1978) In rural area, the creation of the business is very challenging, one of the reasons may be insufficient roads for transporting the products from the business towards the market place however rural entrepreneurs have to be characterized by the perseverance or persistence meaning that they must have the determination to keep for trying and achieve the desired goal (Kumar,Amil S(2003) Rural entrepreneurs and social economic development of the country The rural entrepreneurs play a significant role in different countries especially in Rwanda because they provide goods and services to people who live in rural areas for their daily life because with innovation and creativities within the country people can get the products near their home without making a long journey by travelling towards urban areas to satisfy their needs (Schneider(2005) Entrepreneurs enable competition at the market place if in rural area,there are more competitors of people who produce similar products even if it is not good for the entrepreneur, in the other side is very advantageous for citizens of rural area who are frequently dominated by low level of income because when there are many similar product it may be very hard to fix high price since the customer may go away and find another product he desire to consume and increase the standards of living (Saksena(2011) The entrepreneurs in rural area in Rwanda help the country to find more taxes which is defined as a compulsory contribution from individuals to the government because as it is known the people above ninety five percent live in rural area and they are very poor, with the payment of tax the government can in return construct the better schools, hospitals roads, protect the country security and achieve sustainable social development in all regions of the country including rural and urban area.(national institute of statistics of Rwanda,2012) The entrepreneurs bring innovation and creativity in the country where people can get new products and service, the innovation will not only help the country to increase the gross domestic product but it may help the business to avoid the competition by producing nice and different products from the competitors, attracting the customers because with innovation the company or business can produce more products at lower cost in general the innovation is one the tools that the entrepreneur can use in order to remain at the market because with the globalization the entrepreneurs could not perform well if it doesn t accept the change(minaloc,2014) According to Levy, H and D.Meltzer,(2008), they said that the entrepreneurs play a significant role in improving the standards of living for people located in rural area because one of the major objectives of the every business or enterprise is to maximize the profit and it could not be achieved without using the employees for changing inputs into output since the products cannot be themselves transformed, once people in rural area obtained the employment they should be paid and get money for improving the standards of living and reach the social development and economic development. Furthermore when the entrepreneurs are using the employees in order to develop the quality of the product, the company or the business should increase the skills through the training and education of the citizen and the country continues to develop(grawitz,m,2000) AIJRHASS 19-129; 2018, AIJRHASS All Rights Reserved Page 142
Finally, the entrepreneurs help the country to promote the export which is a powerful tool for economic development because the total the balance of payment increases, if the country has the export exceeding the import and there is no doubt of saying that entrepreneurship is the life blood of the country with the creation more businesses, the country obtains more tax, people get the chance of getting the jobs and improve their (Mulumati, 1980) VI. METHODOLOGY The research methodology includes the description of the research design, population of the study, sampling techniques, sampling size, and data collection methods and data analysis. In this study the researcher uses descriptive research design to explain in details and describe the importance of rural entrepreneurs to economic and social development in Rwanda especially Gicumbi District. The research design adopted for this study was descriptive research design where all elements of the selected case study were described and interpreted by using qualitative and quantitative designs. The population under this study comprises different categories of the population of Gicumbi District who are entrepreneurs meaning 6757 people. However, it is not possible to deal with such number of population. That is why the researcher has chosen the sample size of 62 through the formula of Alain Bouchard and the selection was obtained using clustering sampling method because the entrepreneurs of Gicumbi are geographically scattered in different sectors. To collect the information or data, the interviews were used in the situation where the respondents claim not to have enough time to attend the questionnaires. The interview technique has allowed the researcher to maintain freely with the different people and authorities and to question each of them on the general theme, another method of collecting data was questionnaire where a set of questions that were answered by rural entrepreneurs in English and those who do not understand English were facilitated to use Kinyarwanda without supervision or explanations. The data collected have been analysed using identified techniques of data analysis such as statistical and analytical methods. The questionnaires have been set into two languages: Kinyarwanda and English and administered in different in different sectors of Gicumbi District.These two languages are existing instruments in the daily life because 90% of the respondents use Kinyarwanda only while 10% of the respondents are able to use both Kinyarwanda and English. All variables to be checked are included in the questionnaires after collecting the data; they were analysed using descriptive data analysis where the researcher has presented the information in forms of table to make information more understandable. VII. DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF FINDINGS Data presentation The data presentation is in other words the background of information. This comprises different tables: the distribution of respondents by age, the distribution of the respondents by gender, the education level of respondents, the respondents marital status and the experience of the respondents regarding the role of rural entrepreneurs for social and economic development. Distribution of rural entrepreneurs by age During the research activity, age groups of respondents have been the first element to focus on. In fact, age characteristic plays a big role to individual understanding of entrepreneurs Table 1: Presentation of rural entrepreneurs by age Age group Number of respondents Percentage Cumulative percentage Under 25 years 2 3.22 3.22 26-30 10 16.12 19.34 31-35 21 33.8 53.14 36-40 15 24.19 77.33 41-45 8 12.90 90.23 46-50 4 6.45 96.68 Above 50 years 2 3.22 100 From the table above, the majority of respondents equalling to 33.8% are in the age group from 31-35 years. This category is followed by the respondents with the group age of 36-40 years, meaning 24.19% of respondents. This shows that, respondents chosen in Gicumbi District equalling more than 57% of the whole group are dominated by young parents, workers who still have the ability of bearing or producing and willingness of working. The next category is composed by the respondents with the group age from 26-30 years, meaning 16.02% of the respondents while those with the group age from 41 to 45 years are 12.90% of the respondents. Those with the age group from 46 to 50 years are 6.45% of the respondents. The last category is composed by those with the group age are under 25 years and above 50 years meaning respectively 3.22% of respondents each group. If we consider these five categories of respondents, it is clear that at least 80% of respondents are mature enough to give responses which are favourable to the research. AIJRHASS 19-129; 2018, AIJRHASS All Rights Reserved Page 143
Distribution of rural entrepreneurs by gender Gender is an important variable which permits to indicate the characteristics of the respondents Table 2: Presentation of rural entrepreneurs by sex Sex Number of respondents Percentage Cumulative percentage Female 41 66.12 66.12 Male 21 33. 87 100 The table shows that the sample size selected combined both male and female where by the large number of respondents is female which is represented by 66.12% of respondents while 33.87% of rural entrepreneurs represents male category. This indicates that information searched is not in one way. Both males and females entrepreneurs are represented even if female sex is more frequent than males Distribution of rural entrepreneurs by marital status The table below presents clearly the marital status of rural entrepreneurs. Table 3: Presentation of rural entrepreneurs by marital status Marital status Number of respondents Percentage (%) Cumulative percentage Single 17 27.41 27.41 Married 35 56.45 83.86 Divorced 4 6.45 90.31 Widow(er) 6 9.67 100 The issue of marital status was taken into consideration during the collection of primary data mainly because marital status of participants plays a big role to attain the performance of the entrepreneurs. Considering the table above, 56.45% of respondents are married and 27.41% are single while 9.67% are widow (ers) and 6.45% are divorced. This indicates that every category of the population is represented and respondents are responsible of their acts. That marital status affects positively the results. Let s examine the education level of respondents. Distribution of rural entrepreneurs by level of education To understand well the role of rural entrepreneurs on economic and social development, education level is important. The level of education affects the individual consideration, individual understanding in a given society and the adherence to the business. Table 4: Presentation of respondents by level of education Education level Number of respondents Percentage Cumulative Primary 52 83.87 83.87 Secondary 5 8.06 91.93 Diploma 2 3.22 95.15 Bachelor s degree 3 4.83 100 As shown by the table n o 5 above, the respondents with primary education level constitute the majority with 83.87% of the total number of respondents. The next category is composed by those with secondary education level: 8.06% of respondents followed by the holders of Bachelor s degree meaning 4.83% of respondents. Respondents with diploma degrees are also represented by 3.22% of respondents. Primary level is highly represented. Distribution of rural entrepreneurs by experience in business creation Experience of respondents in any kind of activity related to the study is important. In this way, the researcher has focussed also on the experience of respondents in the business creation Table 5: Distribution of rural entrepreneurs by experience in business creation Experience Number of respondents Percentage Cumulative percentage Below one year 3 4.83 4.83 1-2 years 8 12.90 17.73 3-5 years 22 35.48 53.21 6-7 years 21 33.87 87.08 8-10 years 5 8.06 95.14 Other than 10 years 3 4.83 100 From the table n o 5 above, the majority of respondents making up 69.35% of the total number of respondents, to mean respectively 35.48% of respondents and 33.87% of respondents have been involved in the business activities with at least 3 and 7 years of experience while at least 95% for 8 and 10 years of experience. These data indicate that a big number of the respondents are experienced in the business activities VI. Analysis of findings In this section, it is to show how entrepreneurs have changed the standards of living to people living in Gicumbi District. AIJRHASS 19-129; 2018, AIJRHASS All Rights Reserved Page 144
Forms of business organisation According to what the study has shown, there are different forms of business created by rural entrepreneurs in Gicumbi District. Table 6: Forms of business organisations in Gicumbi District View points Number of respondents Percentage sole proprietorship 48 77.41 Cooperatives 9 14.51 Companies 5 8.06 As shown in the table above, the respondents pointed out that the forms of business organisations are sole proprietorship, cooperatives and companies.sole proprietorship has been pointed out by 77.41% of the respondents, cooperatives by 14.51% and others by 8.06%. Level of efficiency in service delivery of rural entrepreneurs to the customers in Gicumbi District As said previously, the service delivery is one of the characteristics of that supposes also taking into consideration the needs of customers. The researcher wanted to know how the service delivered is in Gicumbi District Table 7: Level of efficiency of service delivery Responses Number of respondents Percentage (%) Sufficient 53 85.48 I do not know 6 9.67 Weak 3 4.83 The table above shows that 85.48% of the respondents noted that the service delivery is sufficient while 9.67% of respondents said that they do not know how the service delivery of rural entrepreneurs in Gicumbi District is. Concerning those who argued that the service is weak, i.e 4.83%, as explanations, they said that rural entrepreneurs do not focus on customer care Table 8: Indicators of social development for entrepreneurs themselves in Gicumbi District Responses Number of respondents Percentage (%) Construction of attractive houses 59 95.16 Increasing level of education of children 47 75.80 Paying health insurance 37 59.67 Buying clothes of the family 55 88.70 Availability of food at home 25 40.32 Buying cloths of the family 33 53.22 Other actions 19 30.64 Considering the table above, the standards of living were increased because of business creation including construction of attractive houses, increasing level of education of children, paying health insurance, availability of food at home, buying cloths of the family and other actions Construction of better houses has been pointed out by 95.16% of the respondents followed by buying nice houses noted by 88.70% of respondents. The next main indicator increasing children level of education pointed out by 75.80% of respondents. According to these three main indicators sorted out by respondents, it is clear that every respondent could sort out more than one indicator. In fact the above table shows that the availability of entrepreneurial activities have improved the standards of people Indicator of economic development of Gicumbi District Table 9: Indicator of economic development of Gicumbi District Responses Number of respondents Percentage (%) Generating of the employment 54 87.09 Promoting the export 52 83.87 Using the local resources 39 62.90 Tax payment 44 70.96 Promotion of innovations 31 50 In order to promote economic development, respondents clearly reveal that Gicumbi District rural entrepreneurs have generated the employment, promoted the export, used the local resources, paid the tax and promoted innovation as the majority of the respondents pointed out by 87.09% of respondents that they have created employment, 83.87% confirmed that they have promoted the export, 62.90% have said that they have used local resource that could be harmful to the environment, 70.96 of rural entrepreneurs have said that they have paid tax and 50% said that they have achieved to promote the innovation by creating novel products to the society. In that AIJRHASS 19-129; 2018, AIJRHASS All Rights Reserved Page 145
situation, respondents agreed that rural entrepreneurs have promoted the economic development in Gicumbi District and has brought significant changes of living conditions Challenges faced in rural entrepreneurs in Gicumbi District Table 10: Challenges faced in mutual health insurance implementation Responses Number of respondents Percentage (%) religious (old beliefs) 51 82.25 Insufficient capital 34 54.8 Low purchasing power of customers 43 69.35 Poor infrastructures 39 62.90 Even if rural entrepreneurs have made a significant development in the country, they face some challenges such as religious (old beliefs) insufficient capital, low purchasing power of customers and poor infrastructures. As shown on the table above, the majority of respondents, 82.25% of the respondents agreed that the traditional culture should be considered as the first one challenge of business creation while low purchasing power has been pointed out by 69.35% of respondents. Poor infrastructures have been also chosen by a big number of respondents meaning 62.90% as the third challenge faced of rural entrepreneurs in Gicumbi District. Rural entrepreneurs and social economic economic development in gicumbi District The table below is to know if there is a relationship between the existence of rural entrepreneurs and social economic development in Gicumbi District. Table 11: Existence of relationship between rural entrepreneurs and social economic economic development in gicumbi District Responses Number of respondents Percentage Agree 57 91.93 Disagree 4 6.45 Indifferent 1 1.61 Total 72 100 From the table above, 91.93% of respondents agreed that there is a positive relationship between rural and social economic development in Gicumbi District. A part from those who agreed that, another part, 6.45% of respondents showed that there is no relationship between rural entrepreneurs and social economic development of Gicumbi District. The importance of the business creation in Gicumbi District Table 12: the importance of the business creation View points Number of respondents Percentage Agree 59 95.16 Disagree 1 1.61 Indifferent 2 3.22 The table above clearly reveals that the majority of respondents agree with the creation of the businesses is very important. This is indicated by the respondents whereby the response agree that it is to say 95.16% of respondents and 3.22% of responses were indifferent while 1.61% disagree with the importance of creation businesses Gicumbi District. Impact of business creation on economic development in District Table 13: impact of business creation in economic development of Gicumbi District View points Number of respondents Percentage (%) Employment opportunities 24 38.70 Encouraging entrepreneurship 44 70.96 Encouraging culture of savings among population 36 58.06 Stimulating local capacity and investment 57 91.93 Improving capacity of the population 59 95.16 Improvement of service delivery 21 33.87 As seen on the table above, every respondent should give more than one answer. Respondents indicated some of the benefits or impacts of business creation on social and economic development in Gicumbi district are creation of employment opportunities and encouraging entrepreneurship through provision of different things; affecting formation and accumulation of capital, which in turn enabled people and stimulated local investment and savings among population as well as improving in service.however, some respondents argued that they lack some skills in implementing those services to meet the increasing in demand. AIJRHASS 19-129; 2018, AIJRHASS All Rights Reserved Page 146
Rural entrepreneurs and social economic economic development in Gicumbi District The table below helps to know if there is a relationship between the existence of rural entrepreneurs and social economic development in Gicumbi District. Table 14: Existence of relationship between rural entrepreneurs and social economic economic development in Gicumbi District Responses Number of respondents Percentage Agree 57 91.93 Disagree 4 6.45 Indifferent 1 1.61 Total 72 100 From the table above, 91.93% of respondents agreed that there is relationship between rural and social economic development in Gicumbi District. A part from those who agreed that, another part, 6.45% of respondents showed that there is no relationship between rural entrepreneurs and social economic development of Gicumbi District. VIII. CONCLUSION The above results rural entrepreneurs have played a big role for achieving social economic development in Gicumbi District. The results reveal that District rural entrepreneurs have generated the employment, promoted the export, used the local resources, and paid the tax and promoted innovation.in that situation, respondents agreed that rural entrepreneurs have promoted the social and economic development in Gicumbi District and has brought significant changes of living conditions furthermore the standards of living have increased because of business creation including construction of attractive houses, increasing level of education of children, paying health insurance, availability of food at home, buying cloths of the family and other actions REFERENCES [1]. BAILEY, D (1978), Methods of social research, 2 nd edition Macmillan Inc, New York [2]. BALAND, (1999), the ambiguous impact of inequality on local resource management, world Development,New york [3]. CHANKOVA, S., and SULYBACH (2008),Impact of mutual health organizations: evidence from West Africa. Health Policy and Planning,Washington [4]. GRAWITZ, M., (2000),Methodes des sciences socials, 4 eme edit. Dalloz, Paris, [5]. KAKOOZA (1996), Methods of social research, 3 rd edition, Free press, New York. [9]. KENDAL (1992), General management, WMC Brown, USA [6]. KNIGHT (1978), Survey methods in social investigation, Heinemann education books, London; [7]. KUMAR, Anil, S. (2003), Entrepreneurship development, New Delhi, New Age International; [8]. LEVY, H. and D. MELTZER (2008), The Impact of Health Insurance on Health,Annual Review of Public Health, 29: 399-409; [9]. MULUMBATI, N. (1980), Manuel de la sociologie générale, ed. Africa, Lubumbashi. [10]. National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda(2012), Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey, Kigali [11]. NSIBAMBI, A.R. (1998), Decentralization and civil society, the question for democratic governance, Kampala, Fountain publishers [12]. RONDINELLI (1981). Community based and driven development,london [13]. SAKSENA (2011). Mutual health insurance in Rwanda: Evidence on access to care and financial risk protection,kigali [14]. SCHMIDT, (2008). Thresholds for health insurance in Rwanda: who should pay how much? Tropical Medicine and International Health,kigali [15]. SCHNEIDER, P. (2005). Trust in micro-health insurance: an exploratory study in Rwanda. Social Science & Medicine,Kigali [16]. SCHEIDER, (2001), Impact of prepayment pilot on health care utilization and financing in Rwanda: findings from final household survey. Bethesda, MD: Abt Associates Inc. [17]. SCHNEIDER, P. and K. HANSON (2006). Horizontal equity in utilisation of care and fairness of health financing: a comparison of micro-health insurance and user fees in Rwanda, Health Economics, Kigali [18]. SEKABARAGA (2011),Can innovative health financing policies increase access to MDG-related services? Evidence from Rwanda,kigali [19]. SHIMELES, A. (2010), Community Based Health Insurance Schemes in Africa: the Case of Rwanda. African Development Bank Group Working Paper Series, Working Paper No. 120 (December 2010). Tunis [20]. UNDP Report (1997), Governance for sustainable human development, Kigali AIJRHASS 19-129; 2018, AIJRHASS All Rights Reserved Page 147