Tuesday May 1 Electronic Devices Off and Away 1. Complete Content Review 1968 to. 2.Nixon & Ford: Powerpoint 20 Facts > pass to left 3.Annotate David Stockman interview for Wednesday. You are entitled to your opinion. But you are not entitled to your own facts. - Daniel Patrick Moynihan
LBJ had been scarred by Vietnam: it had killed his lady (G.S.) and legacy.
C O N S E R V A T I V E B A C K L A S H
Nixon s Southern Strategy further fractured the Democratic Party following the PR mess in Chicago.
Nixon s Vietnam Policy: Now, as I was saying four years ago Peace With Honor Vietnamization Significance of 1972? In 1968 election Nixon announced he had a secret plan to end the Vietnam War, four years later it was going strong. 1970 expanded war into Cambodia and Laos. Paris Peace Accords in January 1973 (Christmas bombings)
Quagmire
Doves include veterans of Vietnam Hawks (veterans of WW II and Korea). My Lai (Lt. Calley) & Pentagon Papers - 1971
Young girls taking shelter behind their mother as American soldiers Anomaly: exception.
In May 1972, the New York Times won a Pulitzer Prize for publishing the Pentagon Papers Daniel Ellsberg found that the U.S. government had continually resisted full disclosure of increasing military involvement in Southeast Asia = misled citizens. - Nixon Justice Dept. sued to halt publication - New York Times v. United States
Ping-Pong Diplomacy: - Diplomatic relations with China: to put pressure on North Vietnam. - Bring China into family of nations. - Further fracture Sino-Soviet relations L: Zhou Enlai Chinese Premier: foreign relations - PRC C: Chiang Kai-shek Nationalist fled to Taiwan - ROC 1949 R: President Nixon Perfectly situated to change history: Awareness of Sino-Soviet animosity; Awareness through spies of Soviet economy; As Ike s veep, had traveled extensively around the world; Hawk, therefore, only Nixon could go to China
Nixon and Kissinger used back channels to communicate with Zhou Enlai, leading to Ping Pong Diplomacy spoofed in Forrest Gump. China as leverage against both North Vietnam & Soviets opens trade, tourism, and communication = realpolitik (pragmatic, logical, not theory).
o Détente = easing tensions. Soviets did not want to be isolated against both China and U.S. Brezhnev initiates talks and Nixon visits Moscow to sign Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT). Ford will continue détente. Carter will sign SALT II Treaty. o Realpolitik (foreign policy on pragmatism = makes sense, syn. practical)
on no account to be used because the enemy might retaliate Nuclear Proliferation and Cold War: Following the Cuban Missile Crisis a nuclear holocaust was feared. Eisenhower s (Ike s) Brinksmanship shelved. JFK - Nuclear Test Ban Treaty and Hotline Nixon and Kissinger Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty, 1972. Ford and Carter SALT II Carter pulls it out of the Senate (Advice and Consent 2/3 of all Senators) sanctions and boycotts Moscow Olympics
Arms Race SALT: Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty Freezes ICBMs Limits on ABMs No change on MIRVs Recognizes the economic (inflationary) impact of the arms race (tax revolt). MAD portrayed in movies: Dr. Strangelove or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb JFK Test Ban Treaty Nixon SALT I Carter SALT II
War Powers Act Nixon expands war into Cambodia and Laos. Kent St. & Jackson St. deaths college campus protests across nation. Congressional attempt to restrict Imperial Presidency. Remove authority granted under Tonkin Gulf Resolution. POTUS must report w/i 48 hours; 60 + 30 to remove troops. 2001 VP Dick Cheney argues that War Powers Act not binding.
AFP: Nixon s Cold War strategy Kissinger and realpolitik (pragmatism) China (1969 press leak) Détente, Soviet style After Sino-Soviet border war, Brezhnev fears being isolated by China & US Ping Pong Diplomacy 1971: recognize Chinese government - PRC S.A.L.T. Treaty (SALT I) froze ICBMs, limited ABMs, no change on MIRVs
What did Nixon hope to gain by opening relations with China? What had FDR hoped to gain by recognizing the Soviets in 1933? Trade. Then with China, tourism and geopolitics advantage.
Stagflation Recession & Inflation Anomaly (inconsistency) Expanding budget due to Vietnam War Foreign competition slowing economic engine Increase in Imports w/ concomitant decrease in exports. OPEC oil embargo and price increase. Wage & Price Controls Entry of women, suppresses wages
Evaluate government policy for dealing with twin problems of recession and inflation (stagflation), including the federal budget deficit problems and inflation of the 1970s. New Federalism: revenue sharing (size of government and stagflation) to aid financially strapped states. Wage and Price Controls Raise Taxes and Cut Budget FED raises interest rates
Inflation wipes out wages and savings.
Describe Nixon s domestic agenda, analyzing the ways in which Nixon initiated and changed social and environmental programs. New Federalism: revenue sharing (size of government will decrease as states takeover certain responsibilities and money to states aids fighting stagflation) FAP (Family Assist Plan) Busing Supreme Court conservatives. Extended Entitlements (SSI, Medicare, Medicaid) Creation of Environmental Protection Agency.
Elected on a Platform calling for returning Law and Order to the cities and nation. (Recall the attack upon the Supreme Court and Earl Warren)
National Security Blanket Checks and Balances Nixon hiding behind Executive Privilege U.S. vs. Nixon Imperial Presidency Saturday Night Massacre of Special Prosecutor
State Standard: Analyze constitutional concerns / issues raised by Watergate. Checks and Balances Executive Privilege & U.S. vs. Nixon Imperial Presidency Saturday Night Massacre of Special Prosecutor Cox. 25 th Amendment Presidential Succession Explosive constitutional issues
He says he s from the phone company CREeP (Committee to Reelect the President) with ex- FBI, ex-cia, ex-bay of Pigs operatives wiretap phones at Democratic HQ at Watergate Hotel to aid Nixon reelection. Woodward and Bernstein of Washington Post report on Burglary dropped notebook contains number to White House. Secret informant (Deputy Director at FBI Mark Felt) providing information. Special Prosecutor Archibald Cox assigned to investigate. Cover-up begins
Herb Block: "Watergate was not even the first by the Nixon plumbers.' They had previously broken into the office of Daniel Ellsberg's psychiatrist. And in the Nixon tapes, he [Nixon] tells aides how to break into such places as the IRS offices."
Why throwing the dog some bones? Names of assistants fired, then prosecuted and imprisoned: Haldeman, Mitchell, Earlichman Why throwing tapes? U.S. v. Nixon = constitutional need to investigate trumps Executive Privilege to keep recordings private. Dog? Special Prosecutor(s) Archibald Cox until Saturday Night Massacre, then Leon Jaworski.
CREeP (Committee to Reelect the President) with ex-fbi, ex-cia, ex-bay of Pigs operatives wiretap phones at Democratic HQ at Watergate Hotel to aid Nixon reelection. Woodward and Bernstein of Washington Post report on Burglary dropped notebook contains number to White House. Secret informant (Deputy Director at FBI Mark Felt) providing information. Special Prosecutor Archibald Cox assigned to investigate. Cover-up begins House Judiciary Committee. Barbara Jordan s famous words during hearing: "My faith in the Constitution is whole, it is complete, it is total, and I am not going to sit here and be an idle spectator to the diminution, the subversion, the destruction of the Constitution." - New York Times, January 18, 1996
More damaging than Nixon's profiting from public office were disclosures of corruption and attempts at corruption of the government itself, including CIA, FBI, Pentagon, and the Secret Service. McCord revealed a taping system had recorded most of Nixon's conversations in the Oval Office - it provided the "smoking gun" (clear evidence of guilt). Cartoon alluding to 18 minutes of erased tape. Nixon hung out to dry by his own taping system. Nixon refused to release tapes until the SCOTUS ordered in U.S. v Nixon.
Lady Justice Blindfolded so there will be no bias/unfairness. Scales of Justice cannot measure justice as topple to ground. RN on cuff links. A challenge to the constitutional system: checks and balances. Challenge met! Power of the Executive Branch, aka. Imperial Presidency. Role of Free Press in democracy.
Evaluate the impact of political scandals (e.g. Watergate) on Federal law, national policies, and political behavior. Confidence in Government declines Disillusionment in Presidency Cynicism of public officials that continues today Patience with future presidents decreased Constitutional System reaffirmed (War Powers Act & U.S. v. Nixon) Value of Free Press affirmed
Vice President Spiro T. Agnew had earlier resigned on unrelated fraud charges, leading to 1 st use of 25 th Amendment Gerald Ford new VP.
Mnemonic 22 > Presidential 2 terms or 10 years 23 > Electors D.C. can vote 24 > Tax poll-tax proscribed 25 > Succession replacing Pres. & VP & 26 > Suffrage voting age from 21 to 18
The Gerald Ford Presidency First VP chosen under the 25 th Amendment. Chosen when Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned under indictment. Following Nixon s resignation, Ford is first nonelected POTUS. Nelson Rockefeller new veep
The Gerald Ford Presidency August 9, 1974 became president after Nixon resignation. I assume the Presidency under extraordinary circumstances This is an hour of history that troubles our minds and hurts our hearts.
Issues for Ford Inflation was running at one of its highest points because of After being sworn in as POTUS - I do not want a honeymoon with you. I want a good marriage. First priority is to bring inflation under control, declaring it public enemy number one. Prosecution of Nixon? Chronic energy shortages. Lingering Cold War and foreign policy uncertainty after Vietnam.
Accomplishments of Ford Nixon pardon was finally accepted by the public - two decades later. Calming and bringing together of the American people centrist Foreign Policy - 1974 Helsinki Accords to cooperate - set new limits on nukes H = H.R. (Helsinki = Human Rights) Met with Leonid Brezhnev along with dozens of European nations. Promoted Human Rights
Foreign Affairs May 12-15, 1975 Communist Cambodia seizes the U.S. merchant ship Mayaguez in international waters. Ford orders Marines to rescue the ship s crew. The civilians are safely recovered and a long hostage crisis averted, but many Marines die. The action was to signal U.S. resolve despite defeat in Vietnam, but hostages were already being freed. North Vietnam invades the South Congress refuses to authorize aid. Saigon renamed Ho Chi Minh city.
Domestic Economy WIN Whip Inflation Now Farmers increase production Extend unemployment benefits Tax increases (why?) Why did the economy decline after Ford s 1974 WIN speech?
W.I.N. = jawboning an issue: using bully pulpit to persuade the public to act. N.I.M. = No Instant Miracles Ultimately, an aid package was worked out for NYC.
According to cartoonist Herb Block, and most citizens would concur, the Economy was going to hell in a handbasket and no one was able to gain control, not even President Ford, riding in the rear of the basket...
Ford defeats Reagan for Republican nomination in 1976.
Analyze how the principles of the Constitution have changed through amendment and judicial interpretation (22nd and 25th Amendment). 22 nd Presidents may only serve two terms or ten years total. 25 th Clarified succession to the office of President and Vice President. Used for removal of VP Agnew and replacement for President Nixon, then for Ford with Nelson Rockefeller.
Tuesday May 1 Electronic Devices Off and Away 1. Bell: Economic Graph Paste in Notebook and and relevant facts that impacted AFP in 1970s. 2.Nixon & Ford: Powerpoint 20 Facts > pass to left 3.Annotate article for Wednesday.