The Sinews of Power and the Changing Ideology of Autocracy I. What is Power? The Changing Ideology of Autocracy a. Catherine s Enlightened Despotism i. Legislative Commission (1767-68) and Catherine s Nakaz ii. Pugachev s Uprising (1773-75) iii. Catherine s Reforms a. 1775 Provincial Reforms b. 1785 Reforms of the Nobility c. 1785 Urban Reforms d. Changes in the Peasantry b. Paul I s Prussian Revenge c. Alexander s 'Imperial Constitutionalism' i. The Main Event: Napoleonic Wars ii. The Side Shows a. Russian-American Company b. Poland c. The Caucasus (and Georgia) d. The Effects of the Empire Period
Nicholas I: Gendarme of Europe I. A Messy Start a. A Succession Crisis b. The Decembrist Revolt (December 14, 1825) i. Secret Societies a. Northern Society b. Southern Society c. Causes d. Consequences and Lessons Nicholaevan Zastoi (Stagnation)? a. Autocratic Power as Bureaucratic Power I A State Ideology: Official Nationality a. Orthodoxy and Autocracy as One b. Nationality
The Tsar-Liberator and The Great Reforms I. The Enlightenment of Alexander II The Emancipation Legislations (February 19, 1861) a. Physical Freedom of the Individual b. Peasant Allotments and Obligations c. The Redemption Operation d. Administration of the Emancipated Peasantry e. Emancipation of Serf Laborers and Household Serfs I The Law, Its Complexities, and the Reality a. Implications of Emancipation with Land b. Implications of Law on Peasant Dues and Redemption c. Immediate Effects of the Legislation d. Long-term Effects, Intended and Unintended IV. Subsequent Reforms a. Zemstvo Reforms of 1864 b. Judicial Reforms of 1864 c. Municipal Reforms of 1870 d. Army Reform of 1872
The Russian Intelligentsia I. Origins of the Intelligentsia The Slavophiles and the Westernizers I The Fathers and the Sons a. The 'Sons' and Nihilism b. From Nihilism to Revolutionary Action i. Dobroliubov ii. Herzen iii. Chernyshevsky iv. Zaichnevsky c. An Anarchist Interlude d. Populism and Going to the People e. The Road to Revolution a. Zemlia i Volia (Land and Freedom) b. Chernyi peredel (Black Repartition) c. Narodnaia Volia (People's Will)
The Crisis of the Autocracy and the Counterreforms I. Perception of a Crisis of Autocracy, 1878-1882 The Crisis of Raised Expectations a. Peasantry b. Urban Dwellers c. Nobility d. Intellectuals I The Consequences of the Perceived Crisis a. The Counter-Reforms
Change and Progress? I. Russia and Geographic Expansion a. Russian Alaska b. The Great Game c. The Russo-Turkish War Russia and Economic Expansion a. The European Model of Industrialization b. Bunge and Vyshnegradskii (1880s) c. Witte (1890s) d. Railroads e. Benefits and Drawbacks I Russia and Cultural Expansion a. Alexander II and the peredvizhniki b. Alexander III and the Russkii muzei
1905 and 1917: Road to Revolution or to Constitution? I. An Inauspicious Start: Khodynka Organized Radicalism and the Emergence of Political Parties a. Plekhanov and Liberation of Labor b. Lenin and the St. Petersburg Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class c. Lenin's Model of the Party (Bolsheviks and Mensheviks) d. The Re-Emergence of Revolutionary Populism I An Inauspicious War: The Liberal Option IV. Russo-Japanese War V. The 1905 Revolution a. Father Gapon and Bloody Sunday b. The October Manifesto c. Effects of the Manifesto i. Effects on the Liberals ii. Effects on the Radicals d. Constitutional Reality VI. Consequences of 1905-7 Revolution
The Impact of World War I on Russian Society I. The Silver Age Meets Jingoism Key Moments of the War a. The Battle of Tannenberg b. The Tsar Takes Command c. The Assassination of Rasputin I Total War a. The Rise of the State b. Total War and Economic Collapse c. Mobilizing the Masses i. Union of Zemstvos ii. All-Russian Union of Towns iii. War-Industries' Committees iv. Special Council for National Defense IV. The Impact of War on the Social Actors a. Tsar and Government b. The Voice from the Right c. The Voice from the Left V. The Tide Turns and the Critics of the War VI. The Run-Up to Revolution
I. Dual Power or Power Vacuum? 1917 and the Crisis of Power i. The Provisional Government a. Policies and Effectiveness of the Provisional Government ii. The Petrograd Soviet a. Actions and Effectiveness of the Soviet I IV. Lenin, the April Theses, and the Bolshevik Party Kornilov Affair (Kornilovshchina) The Pressure of the Masses V. The October Days VI. Revolution as Civil Wars a. Silencing the Opposition b. Protecting the Revolution i. Decree on Land ii. Decree on Peace iii. Nationalities Policy c. Civil War i. Foreign intervention ii. Stages of Internal Opposition V The Reasons for Red Victory VI The Effects of Revolution and Civil War
Revolution as Culture Wars I. Radical Culture Before the Bolsheviks a. Symbolists b. Futurists Revolutionary Culture under the Bolsheviks a. Civil War and Utopia i. Proletkul't (1917-20) ii. LEF (Left Front of Culture) (1923-28) iii. Revolutionary Theater (Meyerhol'd) b. Technological Utopianism I Culture for the Masses a. Eradication of Illiteracy b. Expansion of Education c. Revolution and Religion e. New Revolutionary Symbols
The Great Turn I. The Great Turn a. The Causes of the Great Turn (velikii perelom) i. The War Scare ii. The Opposition iii. The Ideological Rationale Industrialization and Collectivization as Cultural Revolution a. The Contours of Planned, Rapid Industrialization b. Collectivized Agriculture as a Prerequisite for Industrialization c. The Culture of Industrialization i. The Big Projects ii. Magnitogorsk and the Search for Socialism d. The Effects of Rapid, Forced Industrialization i. Demographic Effects ii. Economic Effects
The Purges and the Great Terror I. Terror or Purification in the 1930s? a. Purges (chistki) b. Kirov Assassination c. The Great Purge (1936-38) i. The Zinovievite/Kamenevite Opposition ii. The Ezhovshchina iii. Wartime Purges The Scale of the Catastrophe I Possible Motives for the Purges a. Terror b. Destruction of Political Opposition c. Economic Milieu as Conditioner of Great Terror d. The Role of Stalin
The Great Patriotic War I. Soviet Russia's War-Readiness a. Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact b. Operation Barbarossa c. The Strength of the Soviet Army The Sources of Soviet Victory a. The Mistakes of the Germans b. German Occupation Policy c. The Soviets Under Occupation d. The Evacuation and Mobilization of Industry e. The Ideological War f. The Return of the Old? i. Nationalism ii. Changing Role of Literature iii. The Return of the Church I High Stalinism and the Return of the Old? a. Signs of a Turn Backwards in Politics b. Signs of a Turn Backwards in Culture i. Science ii. Music
The Postwar Period and the Return of the Old? I. High Stalinism and the Return of the Old? a. Signs of a Turn Backwards in Politics b. Signs of a Turn Backwards in Culture i. Science ii. Music The Storm Before the Calm a. 19 th Party Congress in October 1952 b. The Doctors' Plot
I. Stalin's Death Stalin s Heirs a. Nikita Khrushchev s Route to the Top b. Succession Struggle i. Beria as first focus of this struggle ii. Economic policy as second focus of this struggle a) Corn-eaters b) Metal-eaters c) Khrushchev s third way i. Virgin Lands Program ii. Khrushchev's Housing Policy I IV. Khrushchev's Secret Destalinization Speech The Limits of the Destalinization Speech V. Khrushchev Ascendant a. Military reform b. Judicial reforms c. Religious reforms VI. Khrushchev Gone
The Brezhnev Years I. Gerontocracy a. Brezhnev b. Kosygin I Khrushchev Undone Brezhnev and the Paradoxes of Power a. Moves towards greater 'liberalism b. Moves towards greater conservatism c. The Military Factor d. The Ideological Factor e. The Prague Spring IV. Brezhnev s Legacy - the Culture of Dissidence a. Political Dissent b. Religious Dissent c. Kitchen Dissent
The Dilemmas of the Gorbachev Era I. Gorbachev - The New Soviet Man Chernobyl and the (Radioactive) Winds of Change a. Credibility of Glasnost' b. Signs of the (Changed) Times c. Chernobyl's Uses I The Dilemma of Economic Reform a. Pre-Perestroika Reform Efforts b. Gorbachev's Unrealized Aims i. Fear of Change ii. Monetary Imbalance iii. Increased Enterprise Autonomy iv. Price Reform