BETWEEN WORLD WARS
DO NOW 03/18/19 Take a look at the Interwar Year Intro handout I passed out at the door. In your Social Studies Notebook, write down 3-5 things you find interesting or that jump out at you. Why does it strike you? What do you think it will mean? https://youtu.be/jcdptcq8seu
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS How did the Great Depression impact countries on a global scale? What is a totalitarian government? What are the economic, political, and social elements of a totalitarian government? How did worldwide depression influence the rise of totalitarian dictatorships, such as Germany? What were the motives for Japanese imperialism and expansion?
A LOOK BACK AT THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES Adopted League of Nations Germany s punishments Territorial losses from Germany in Europe Germany must surrender all oversees colonies Limits German military Germany prohibited from importing/exporting weapons Forbidden to build/buy submarines or have an air force. Sole responsibility of war placed on Germany Reparations of $33 billion to be paid to Allies over a 30 year period. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
PROBLEMS IN THE WORLD AFTER WWI This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA Only Japan and USA in better shape after WWI New democracies formed after WWI not in good shape France has 40 government changes between 1919-1939 People dissatisfied with their governments People are suffering People are ready for a change
European nations are faced with the massive expenses of rebuilding after WW1. Soldiers returning for war were looking for work (high unemployment rate). WHY PROBLEMS? Germany is in heavy debt because of the war reparations repayment; loses its territory in the Ruhr Valley to France which was where much of its industries were located. Germany begins printing money which devalues money all through Europe. Europeans stop buying from Americans.
GERMANY AFTER WWI Weimar Republic formed in Germany Blamed for defeat in WWI (Jews) and signing of Treaty of Versailles Germany owes $33 Billion in war reparations To pay for it Germany didn t raise taxes, they printed more $. Too much supply = money with little value Causes hyperinflation- the extreme devaluation of money 1918- A loaf of bread costs 1 Mark 1922-160 Marks 1923-200 Billion Marks (200,000,000,000) People s life savings are now worthless US bails Germany out with the Dawes Plan US loans to Germany What happens when US money goes away?
INEFFECTIVENESS OF LEAGUE OF NATIONS No control of major conflicts. No progress in disarmament. No effective military force.
ACTIVITY 03/18/19 In groups of 2, you will work on The Weimar Republic Station Activity. Each partner set will need to complete 1 worksheet to turn in at the end of class for a graded assignment.
DO NOW 03/19/19 Who s ready to play THE WALL STREET CRASH GAME! See if you can predict (you know, like predicting stocks) key ideas of Wall Street and the Stock Market Crash of 1929. Table pod vs. table pod.
No battles fought in the U.S. U.S. AFTER WWI After World War 1, U.S. is thriving economically because: Growth in manufacturing after the war due to the new inventions: ex. Radio, automobiles, vacuum cleaner, refrigerator. Fewer casualties because of our late entry to war Good economy due to manufacturing allowed us to loan money to Western European countries after the war. Americans purchase these new items using credit (on margin).
US ECONOMIC BOOM
BOOMING US ECONOMY AFTER WWI Wages up 40% after WWI, but wealth is not evenly distributed Richest 5% get 33% of income in 1929 60% of families make less than $2,000 a year Factories used to producing large amounts of goods People have little income, so they can t buy goods Factories don t need to produce as much so they lay off workers Now even fewer have money Cycling downward Stock Market was soaring Many people investing get rich quick schemes 1920s fad get into the market 80% of population has no savings
Farming prices fell due to oversupply of crops. Made bad loans to European countries who could not repay them; Europeans stop buying American products. UNDERLYING CAUSES OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION Banks & Stock Market are uninsured and have no government monitoring agency. Wealthiest Americans were driving stock market prices higher and higher, well above what something was actually worth. Ordinary Americans bought stocks on margin (credit) hoping to get rich. Buying Stocks on Margin borrowed money from Stock Broker to purchase Stocks Increase in personal debt
a.k.a. Black Tuesday: October 29, 1929 Stocks started to drop, and brokers panic. They make calls for people to pay their market loss, but no one can pay. Instead, investors began selling all of their stocks. Stocks lost between $10-15 billion in value that day. STOCK MARKET CRASH OF 1929
EFFECT OF THE STOCK MARKET CRASH Banks closed Runs on the bank emptied out all the money banks held as people went to withdraw their money from the banks. Businesses failed = job loss Individuals lost their savings = lost homes and land because banks were demanding loans be repaid in full (leads to Hoovervilles) Dust bowl (major drought) causes farms to fail = widespread hunge
THE STOCK MARKET GAME You have four color coded index cards Pink after looking at the next slide, write down a job you have and where you work in the 1920s. The AVERAGE amount of income is $3269 (much less if you are a laborer. And are you married or single? Yellow record how much money you have saved up in the bank you TOTAL life savings. Green You saw stocks rising earlier in the decade and thought about investing. Write down how much you have invested in the stock market Orange write down if you rent an apartment or live in a house you re buying.
THE STOCK MARKET GAME Oh, nnnnooooooo! The Stock Market has crashed and you have to sell your stocks for less than you paid for them. BUT, any money from the sale went to pay off the loans you took out to buy the stock. Your money is gone!
THE STOCK MARKET CRASH At least you still have money in the bank. Right!? Except, I don t know how to tell you this, but when you thought your money was safe, sitting in the vault, guess what the bank was actually doing with it? This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY
THE STOCK MARKET CRASH Your neighbors are hearing rumors about losing their jobs since there s not much of a demand to buy certain items or use different services. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
THE STOCK MARKET CRASH Okay, you have no investments, no savings and no job. Let s deal with your housing situation. Renters, please stand up. How do you plan on paying your rent now that you are unemployed and there are NO jobs available? Congratulations, you re homeless. For you lucky homeowners, congratulations. You have longer before you re homeless since it takes longer to foreclose on your house. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
THE STOCK MARKET CRASH CONGRATULATIONS!!!!! Now that everyone is homeless and unemployed, with no resources such as savings, companies have no need to start hiring people to provide goods and services! Welcome to the Great Depression!
DO NOW 03/20/19 Great Depression Gallery Walk How do the pictures showcase life after the Stock Market Crash of 1929? What stands out? What images are repetitive? Can these pictures be seen as just an American problem? What are your overall thoughts of the time, based solely on these images?
Western Europe is struggling financially after WWI to rebuild. WORLDWIDE EFFECTS OF THE U.S. DEPRESSION The U.S. makes loans to many European nations to help them rebuild. In addition, the U.S. loaned Germany money to help pay the war reparations. As the U.S. economy worsened, U.S. investors demanded payment of the loans and stopped loaning any new funds. This crippled the economies of the European nations. World-wide trade began to suffer, so the depression spread around the world.
GLOBAL RESPONSE TO THE DEPRESSION Most nations turned inward and became isolationist in order to solve their own economic problems. Democratic nations (U.S., Great Britain) the governments worked to pass laws to improve economic conditions. Other nations turned to totalitarian leaders (Germany, Italy) who used their powers to begin imperializing to gain raw materials and markets to help boost their economy.
U.S. RECOVERY Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) elected president in 1932 on promises to help rebuild America. The New Deal focused on public works projects to increase employment and government regulations on banks, the stock market, industry and farming production. a. Created the Social Security Act b. Created public works projects that built dams, highways, and bridges around the country. The first time government creates assistance programs in the United States.
BRITISH RECOVERY Enacted protectionist policies (policies designed to protect domestic industries and services from foreign competition). Included dropping the gold standard Increase government ownership/management of key industries Raised taxes to loan money to new businesses in the hopes of increasing employment.
RESPONSE TO THE DEPRESSION IN EUROPE Great Britain: raised taxes, balanced the budget, and controlled spending France: Radical political party called the Popular Front takes over. They started an aid program called the French New Deal, but it didn t work Germany: created the Weimar Republic (they renamed Germany to reflect a new democratic government). Germany had problems of high unemployment, bankrupt middle class, and major inflation (prices on goods rise because money is worth less the idea of just print more money. Gives the opportunity for radical groups such as the Nazi party to participate in politics.
ACTIVITY 03/20/19 Think back to our Gallery Walk Do Now and our discussion of life during the Great Depression. Using ONE of the images, create a short story to tell us about the life of those photographed. DETAILS are critical and necessary.
Complete Mapping Events Leading to WWII, as it relates to the Rise of Totalitarian Governments and Dictatorships. DO NOW 03/25/19
Totalitarian governments take over Europe!!! (When leaders control every aspect of your life ) https://youtu.be/pxxtoaohy_4 CHANGES IN GOVERNMENTS Fascism a form of government that is nationalistic to the extreme. War is glorified. The government has total control of your life, and is led by a dictator or a small group of people. Fascism allows individuals to have private property and allows for class system (lower, middle, upper) Ex. Italy, Germany Communism a form of government where a dictator or small group of people control every aspect of your life. Under communism, there are no social classes (everyone is equal) and you are not allowed to own private property. Ex. Soviet Union, China
Totalitarian leaders are dictators who control all aspects of the government & the lives of the citizens Totalitarian leaders gained support by promising jobs, promoting nationalism, & using propaganda Dictators held on to their power by using censorship, secret police, denying liberties, & eliminating opposing rivals or political parties
Became the leader of the Communist Party in 1928. Country began to industrialize again. Created a secret police to monitor everything said or written (terrorized the people). Censored all sources of information, used propaganda to keep power, killed religious leaders, outlawed religion. THE RISE OF STALIN
THE RISE OF STALIN Came up with the Five Year Plans change the country from agricultural to industrial. Focused on iron and steel production, so there was a shortage of regular household goods. Started collectivization of farms: government took over all of the farms, forced the people to work them. Increased food production. Improved the economy and education, banned religion, people had no rights. Anyone who disagreed would be killed.
Stalin s Five Year Plans & collective farms improved the Soviet Union s industrial & agricultural output
Statement: Have you ever had a big fight with your siblings, friends or parents and after that, you thought you would never fight like that again but later you did and it was worse than before? I have a brother and when we were your age, we fought a lot. We would fight over who got to watch what they wanted because we only had one TV back then. Whenever we fought, my mom or dad would step in and make us say sorry. We would promise not to fight again, and we wouldn t, but later on, it would happen again but the fight would be bigger because we didn t forget about the first one! That s kind of what happened in World War II. The Great War was supposed to be the war to end all wars, but it obviously didn t. DO NOW 03/26/19 Activity: In groups of 4, have students come up with reasons why war keeps happening. Discuss 1-2 reason from each group.
WHAT IS FASCISM AND WHY? A political movement that promotes an extreme form of nationalism, a denial of individual rights, and a dictatorial one party rule. Promised to revive the economy, punish those responsible for the hard times (JEWS), and restore national pride. Attracted those who felt angered and betrayed by the results of WWI treaties and the Depression Ultra-nationalism the weak should be conquered, loyalty to a single, strong leader (uniforms, salutes, etc.) Opposite of Communism Takes power in Italy, Germany, and Spain
CHARACTERISTICS OF FASCISM The STATE is more important than the INDIVIDUAL Cultural censorship, indoctrination, Economic controlled by state Political Racist, one-party rule, Social supported by middle class, military
EXAMPLES OF FASCISM Hideki Tojo - Japan Mussolini Italy Hitler Germany
France Britain EXAMPLES OF NON- FASCISM United States USSR Communism is NOT fascism Communism has no classes fascism does Communism is international
Not all totalitarian dictators were Communists Fascist gov ts were controlled by dictators who demanded loyalty from citizens Fascists did not offer democracy & used one party to rule the nation Unlike Communists, fascists believed people could keep their property In Italy, Germany, & Spain, people turned to an extremely nationalist gov t called fascism
TOTALITARIAN Mussolini & Hitler REGIMES believed in IN fascism: EUROPE the idea & ASIA that nations Stalin need was strong a Communist dictators, believed total authority that the by one government party, but that should people control can all keep property private & property business
COMMUNISM VS. FASCISM No gov t control of economy No gov t control of laws Total gov t control of laws Total gov t control of economy
In Italy, Benito Mussolini formed the Fascist Party Mussolini named his Fascist Party after the fasces, a Roman symbol of authority & power Mussolini gained popularity by promising to revive the economy, rebuild the military, & expand Italy to create a new Roman Empire
What is a core belief of fascism? C H E C K I N G F O R U N D E R S TA N D I N G The citizens have a say in their government? Everyone within a country should be equal? Propaganda and censorship should not be used to persuade people? The state is more important than the individual?
DO NOW 03/27/19 Have you ever had a big fight with your siblings, friends or parents and after that, you thought you would never fight like that again but later you did and it was worse than before? I have a brother and when we were your age, we fought a lot. We would fight over who got to watch what they wanted because we only had one TV back then. Whenever we fought, my mom or dad would step in and make us say sorry. We would promise not to fight again, and we wouldn t, but later on, it would happen again but the fight would be bigger because we didn t forget about the first one! That s kind of what happened in World War II. The Great War was supposed to be the war to end all wars, but it obviously didn t. Now: In small groups (no more than 4), come up with at least five reasons why war keeps happening. After seven minutes, we will discuss 1-2 reason from each group.
RISE OF HIDEKI TOJO Japan was suffering during Depression Military takes over Emperor Hirohito has no real power Leaders felt they could solve problems by conquest The military takes over the government (militarism), invades Manchuria in 1931, attack China in 1937. Military General Hideki Tojo controls Japan
RISE OF HIDEKI TOJO Japan is a major manufacturing center after WWI. Population increases cause food shortages, on top of the effects of the depression (job loss, low wages) The military blames the government for becoming too Western. Look for new markets to sell their products to and get resources from.
RISE OF JAPAN Japan lacks raw materials and farmland to support it s growing population. No room to grow. Japan began an aggressive empire building in the early 1930 s. 1931 invades Manchuria 1941 establishes neutrality agreement with Soviet Union. 1941 Starts to push into SE Asia and Indonesia. No one reacts
THE RISE OF MUSSOLINI Italy is angry because they didn t get the land it was promised at the end of WWI, and their economy is in the dumps due to the war and the depression. Benito Mussolini starts the Fascist party in 1919. Followers are the Black Shirts, and they use violence to force people to follow them. King Victor Emmanuel III named Mussolini the Prime Minister.
THE RISE OF MUSSOLINI After a corrupt election, Mussolini names himself Il Duce, The Leader Banned all other political parties Decreased unemployment by increasing the military Jailed or killed anyone who disagreed with Fascism Feared communism spreading towards Italy Forms an alliance with Hitler
MUSSOLINI INVADED ETHIOPIA Mussolini inspired by Japan s attack on Manchuria because League of Nations has no power 1935 Italy invades Ethiopia League of Nations condemned the attack but does nothing Britain and France try to keep the peace by appeasing the Italians No one reacts
RISE OF FRANCO 1936, General Francisco Franco, El Caudillo, led a military revolt against the government. Caused a bloody Civil War. Hitler and Mussolini helped Franco (Germany gave him new weapons to test). The U.S. and other countries tried to help the government. Franco became dictator when the civil war ended in 1939.
Fascist leader Francisco Franco revolts against the Democratic government. SPANISH CIVIL WAR Millions of Italian and German volunteers went to Spain with tanks, guns, subs, planes, etc. to help Franco Western Democracies stay neutral Practice for WWII
THE RISE OF HITLER Germany owed the Allies $33 billion dollars. Began printing money (ex. before the war, 4 marks = $1, after 4 trillion marks = $1) Hitler joins the Nazi Party (National Socialist German Workers Party) in 1919, takes control of the Party by 1921. After a failed attempt to start a revolution, he is thrown into jail. He writes Mein Kampf (My Struggle): he blames the Jews and the Communists for the loss of WWI Says the Germans (Aryans) are a master race.
RISE OF HITLER In Mein Kampf: All Germans, especially those with bland hair and blue eyes, were perfect Aryans, the master race All Non-Aryans were inferior and need to be exterminated Treaty of Versailles- Outrage, would get back all lands that were taken and restore national pride. Germany needed Lebensraumliving space, Would get that space by conquering Eastern Europe and Russia
RISE OF HITLER DEPRESSION HITS GERMANY This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND Late 1924 released from jail 1930 Great Depression hits economy collapses, Nazis gain power Nazi party vote increases 1928: 809,000 1930: 6,400,000 1932 Nazis are largest political party in Germany 1932 Hitler runs for President, defeated by Hindenburg 1933 Hitler becomes Chancellor Legally gained power
THE RISE OF HITLER Called Fuehrer and introduced Heil Hitler, Nazi salute, Flag, and Swastika Hitler banned freedom of speech, religion, assembly, and the press. Passed the Nuremburg Laws: barred Jews from schools, owning businesses, holding government office, and force the Jews to wear the yellow stars. Encouraged anti-semitism (anti-jewish feelings). Policies bring Germany out of the depression motivates people to follow him.
RISE OF HITLER Puts people to work rearming the country. Massive Public works Creation of the Autobahn Establishes Volkswagen Unemployment down from 6 Million to 1.5 Million by 36 Fascists willing to use aggression to get what they want Hitler takes control of all aspects of German life Hitler Youth and League of German Girls European democracy only survives in Great Britain, France and Scandinavia
HITLER INSPIRED 1935-Hitler announces that Germany will no longer abide by the Treaty of Versailles He secretly has been building an army League of Nations condemns Hitler, but does nothing March 7, 1936- German troops reoccupy the Rhineland, a border area w/ France that Germany has lost in the Treaty of Versailles Allies resort to appeasement- policy of giving in to an aggressor to maintain peace Balance of power has shifted to Germany. Now Belgium and France are open to attack Hitler will now speed up his plans for world domination
DO NOW 03/27/2019 Yesterday, we looked at some occurrences for Hitler s rise to power. Read the following primary source document. 1. How did the German invasion affect the Jews after the Anschluss? 2. What alternate actions could both sides have taken to change the course of actions?
THE RISE OF HITLER THE GERMAN REICH EXPANDS 1937- Hitler announces that he wants to add Austria and parts of Czechoslovakia to the German Empire (14 pts) This Anschluss- or union, was part of Hitler s plans to form the 3 rd Reich 1938- Hitler invades Austria France and Great Britain do nothing He then turned to Czechoslovakia 3 million ethnic Germans living in a part of Western Czech. called the Sudetenland Czechoslovakia refuses and asks for help Sep 29, 1938- Munich Conference- Germany, Great Britain, France, and Italy meet to decide the fate of Czechoslovakia. Hitler given Sudetenland as long as he promised not to ask for anything else. He agreed (fingers crossed)
THE PROBLEM WITH SUDETENLAND
CZECHOSLOVAKIA BECOMES PART OF THE 3 RD REICH, 1939 6 months after the Munich Conference Hitler takes over the rest of Czechoslovakia and threatens Poland
HITLER CONTINUES TO ADD TERRITORY
RU S S O - G E R M A N N O N - AG G R E S S I O N PAC T France and Great Britain look to Russia for help Russia not interested Russia feels betrayed after Treaty of Versailles Russia can get a better deal Stalin and Hitler sign a non-aggression pact stating that they would never attack each other. Poland is secretly divided into a buffer zone Hitler now has all of his ducks in a row. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
NAZI-SOVIET NON-AGGRESSION PACT, 1939
THE AXIS THE POWERS, AXIS 1940 Hitler and Mussolini form an alliance, September 1940 named after a comment in a 1936 Mussolini speech Japan joins a month later on September 27, 1940
WWII BEGINS September 1 st 1939, Germany Invades Poland Hitler unleashes the Blitzkrieg Britain and France declare war on Germany Russia Remains Neutral America did nothing
ACTIVITY 03/27/2019 Using the WW2 Interactive Timeline Website (located in your Google Classroom), start researching information listed under the 1919-1938 Pre-War header. After finishing up with the WebQuest tomorrow, you will create a newspaper article announcing the declaration of war and summarizing the factors leading to it.