Code Name: Part 1: 70 points. 2.5 pts each # s 0 3: Fill in the chart below to indicate the advantages, or disadvantages, Europeans had relatives to natives when it came to colonization. The first situation, 0, has been done for you. You need to indicate where situations 1, 2, and 3 lay. There can be more than one number in the same box. Also, for some numbers there might be more than one box that are counted as correct. 0. A European nation attempting to invade/colonize part of another European nation 1. Europeans attempting to colonize Sub-Saharan Africa (I ll take either of 2 answers for this one) 2. Europeans attempting to colonize what will become the U.S. thirteen colonies 3. Europeans attempting to colonize central Mexico (I ll take either of 2 answers for this one) Population Density Natives Natives live more densely than Europeans. Europe Native diseases kill few Europeans. European diseases kill lots of natives. Disease Environment Tie Tie 0 Europe Europeans live more densely than natives. Natives Native diseases kill lots of Europeans. European diseases kill few natives. 4. What is the Hygiene hypothesis? The Hygiene hypothesis argues that: a. Most of the Native Americans killed by European diseases were infected on purpose by Europeans. b. European bathing habits meant Europeans were more able to resist diseases than Native Americans. c. Because they migrated from Asia to the Americans in small groups, and through a cold environment, the first Native Americans had been cleansed of many diseases. 1
5. Which of the following is a disease that Europeans brought to the Americas, and which killed many Native Americans? a. chlorea b. measles c. malaria d. syphilis 6. We read a chapter from Jared Diamond s book Guns, Germs, and Steel. What is the title of that chapter? a. Guns and Butter. Butter and Guns c. The Lethal Gift of Livestock b. Water, Water Everywhere, But Not a d. Trade as the Trojan Horses Drop to Drink 7. What is the main argument that Diamond makes in the (above mentioned) chapter? a. Domestic animals in Eurasia served as test tubes in which diseases, previously unknown to the human immune system, could evolve. a. tock, especially pigs, in effect were an advance guard when it came to driving Native Americans off their land. b. European diseases in the 1400 s were typically mild. It is only after Europeans landed in the Americas and tapped into a new trade network that these diseases evolved into killer diseases. c. It wasn t until European started to modernize that they could both produce more military goods than native (colonial) populations, and maintain high living standards. 8. Sickle Cell Anemia is a genetic condition that occurs when a person has two copies of the sickle cell gene. Why, according to lecture, is the Sickle Cell gene common in some populations? a. European slave owners often bled (drew blood from) their slaves in an attempt to improve the slave s health. Anemic persons are better able to survive blood loss. b. Anemia increases the odds one can survive dysentery (diseases associated with diarrhea). In Western Europe, where dysentery is common, natural selection rewarded those with sickle cell. c. People with one sickle cell gene have some resistance to malaria. In areas with malaria there is selection for moderate levels of the sickle cell gene within the population. d. Anemia makes a person is less active and therefore need less food. In areas with little natural vegetation or wildlife, the sickle gene gives one an evolutionary (survival) advantage. 9. The biggest defeat suffered by the U.S. military at the hands of Native Americans is: a. Battle of Little Bighorn b. Battle of Saratoga c. the Hard Scrape d. Saint Claire s Defeat e. Trumpzilla v Clinton Kong f. the Wabash Rout 10. The reason the above battle was discussed in class was to argue that: a. While Native Americans were very good at guerilla warfare, the did not practice siege warfare. b. In forested areas, the bows and arrows of natives generally outperformed European muskets. c. European farming led to high population density allowing Europeans to win the numbers game. d. It was only after Native American adopted the horse that they were a real military threat. 11. Revisionist history. The wheel and coastal shipping are invented in the Americas in the year 250 B.C.E.. As a result, goods flow more frequently, and in greater volume, between the major population centers. What will this likely do to the nature of diseases in the Americas? a. Diseases that spread easily and kill quickly become less common. b. Diseases that spread easily and kill quickly become more common. c. Diseases that kill people, but only after a very long time, become more common. 2
12. Consider two colonies whose main export product is unobtanium ore, a mined good. In both cases the typical mine is relatively small, employing only about 12 people. In colony A the mines are widely scattered throughout the colony. In colony B, however, the mines tend to be concentrated in clusters. According to the Staples thesis, which colony will develop faster? a. Colony A b. Colony B c. There is no reason, based on the Staples thesis, to suspect the colonies will develop differently. 13. Consider two colonies whose main export product is hemp, a product used to make rope. Because of local conditions, however, each colony, however, uses a slightly differ production process. In colony A, the typical hemp farm is large, using about 80 workers. In Colony B the typical hemp farm only has 4 workers, but there are many more (about 20 x) farms. According to the Staples thesis, which colony will develop faster? a. Colony A b. Colony B c. There is no reason, based on the Staples thesis, to suspect the colonies will develop differently. 14. It s 1660 and Stanley, an Englishman has just arrived in the Caribbean with his family of four. Yeah! Stanley and his family have a rare genetic condition that give them resistance to Malaria, Yellow Fever, and other tropical diseases. Stanley can afford a sugar farm that s only 10 acres, 1/40 th the size of the typical sugar plantation. Will Stanley and his family be able to compete with the larger plantations? Why or why not? a. No. Stanley will not be able to afford his own sugar mill. He needs his own mill to ensure that his sugar cane is milled before its sugar content falls. b. No. While Stanley will be able to produce sugar for the same cost per pound, he will not be able to afford the 800 quality certificate required by the British government. c. Yes. Because of his family s resistance to disease, his four workers will be able to do the work of two workers who are almost always sick. d. Yes. Sugar can be produced effectively on small farms. Farms still need workers, however. Because of his family s resistance to disease, they can, and are willing to, work in the Caribbean. 15. Charles is a English farmer living in Pennsylvania in the year 1690. Charles is tired of ranching and wants to sell his plot of land to Thomas, another farmer. Can Charles sell his land? a. Yes, but unless he is selling it to his son, he will likely have to pay a sizeable fee. Further, he cannot subdivide the land without permission from his superiors. b. Yes. In fact there will be few barriers to selling, or even subdividing, the land. c. No. He might be able to grant his son the right to use the land, but only if his family has only been on the land for a generation or two. d. No. He is tied to the land, in no way owns it, and cannot voluntarily leave the land. 16. What is the name for the system of land ownership and property right that Charles is under? a. the Encomienda system d. the Seigniorial system b. Fee Simple (free and common socage) e. the Sous-vassalage system c. the Puebla system 3
17. Guillaume is a French Canadian farmer living along the Saint Lawrence in the year 1690. Guillaume is tired of farming and wants to sell his plot of land to Pierre, another farmer. Can Guillaume sell his land? a. Yes, but unless he is selling it to his son, he will likely have to pay a sizeable fee. Further, he cannot subdivide the land without permission from his superiors. b. Yes. In fact there will be few barriers to selling, or even subdividing, the land. c. No. He might be able to grant his son the right to use the land, but only if his family has only been on the land for a generation or two. d. No. He is tied to the land, in no way owns it, and cannot voluntarily leave the land. 18. What is the name for the system of land ownership & property right that Guillaume is under? a. the Encomienda system d. the Seigniorial system b. Fee Simple (free and common socage) e. the Sous-vassalage system c. the Puebla system 19. Hernan is a Spanish rancher living in Mexico in the year 1590. Hernan is tired of ranching and wants to sell his plot of land to Miguel, another rancher. Can Hernan sell his land? a. Yes, but unless he is selling it to his son, he will likely have to pay a sizeable fee. Further, he cannot subdivide the land without permission from his superiors. b. Yes. In fact there will be few barriers to selling, or even subdividing, the land. c. No. He might be able to grant his son the right to use the land, but only if his family has only been on the land for a generation or two. d. No. He is tied to the land, in no way owns it, and cannot voluntarily leave the land. 20. What is the name for the system of land ownership and property right that Hernan is under? a. the Encomienda system d. the Seigniorial system b. Fee Simple (free and common socage) e. the Sous-vassalage system c. the Puebla system 21. William is a Virginia planter in 1645. He is going to town to get three newly arrived workers. What type of workers is he likely getting? a. African slaves b. a family of recently arrived Europeans to whom he will pay the father a monthly wage c. single Europeans to whom he will pay a monthly wage d. indentured servants from Europe e. recently captured Native Americans 22. Charles is a Virginia planter in 1645. He is going to town to get three newly arrived workers. What type of workers is he likely getting? a. African slaves b. a family of recently arrived Europeans to whom he will pay the father a monthly wage c. single Europeans to whom he will pay a monthly wage d. indentured servants from Europe e. recently captured Native Americans 23. In which area did European colonists 1 st establish an effective representative government? a. French Canada b. The Chesapeake c. Georgia d. Barbados e. Mexico f. India 4
24. Why, according to lecture, did the above representative governments arise where they did? a. Back in Europe, their mother country was in a civil war. The colonists did not know who their government was. They formed their own government to provide order during the war years. b. Native Americans attacked and almost the destroyed the European settlements. Because any aid from Europe would take months, the colonists were forced to form their own local government. c. Because this area was so land abundant there was little the mother country could do to stop them. If the mother country wanted the colony to be settled, it had to allow some self-government. d. Their mother country had recently undergone a democratic revolution (at least relative to the times). The European founder desired the colony to have representative government. 25. It is the year 1640. You travel back and introduce the following to Britain. 1) Tracking devices that can be implanted under a person s skin, 2) an intra-empire police force, and 3) trans- Atlantic wire transfers of money. All of these cost very little money. You are that smart. What will these likely do to the market for Indentured Servants in the British 13 colonies. a. Decrease the % of colonists arriving as indentureds. More Europeans will come to the colonies by signing contracts in which they agree to work several years in exchange for passage. b. Decrease the % of colonists who are European. A larger % will be from Asia, especially India and China. c. Decrease the % of colonists arriving as indentureds. More will find money to pay their own way. d. Increase the % of colonists coming to the colonies arriving as indentured servants. 26. Consider three (fictional) British colonies. These colonies are nearly identical except for how large a farm has to be in order to be able to produce efficiently (i.e. have low production costs). Which colony is the most likely to have slavery (or to have the highest % of its population as slaves)? a. colony A: A farm with 2 workers can operate efficiently and achieve low production costs. b. colony B: A farm needs 6 workers to operate efficiently and achieve low production costs. c. colony C: A farm needs 18 workers to operate efficiently and achieve low production costs. d. There is no reason to suspect the three colonies would differ when it comes to slavery. 27. Carter and James are both Englishmen who want to leave England and go to the colonies. They have no choice but to sign an indentured servant contract. Carter is young, strong, and skilled carpenter. James is rather feeble and has few skills. How will their contracts likely differ? a. Both will have to serve for the same number of years. Carter s contract will sell for less. b. Both will have to serve for the same number of years. Carter s contract will sell for more. c. Both contracts will sell for roughly the same amount. Carter s contract will be for more years. d. Both contracts will sell for roughly the same amount. Carter s contract will be for fewer years. 28. Consider three (fictional) British colonies. These colonies are nearly identical except for how much of the export product a typical worker can produce each year. Which colony is the most likely to have slavery (or to have the highest % of its population as slaves)? a. colony A: A typical worker produces 4 barrels of goods that sell for 2 per barrel. b. colony B: A typical worker produces 4 barrels of goods that sell for 3 per barrel. c. colony C: A typical worker produces 4 barrels of goods that sell for 4 per barrel. d. There is no reason to suspect the three colonies would differ when it comes to slavery. 5
Part 2: Essays (28 points) Answer 1 of the following 2 questions on the attached paper. 1. Describe the development process, for a colony, according to the staples thesis. Illustrate the staples thesis using two or three of the regions in Britain s American colonies. Not relevant for Exam 2, fall 2018. 2. About half a million from the British Isles and other parts of Europe immigrated to the English colonies in North America prior to 1750. How the heck did most of these Europeans get over here? a. Explain the economic problems faced by labor wanting to go to the colonies, and potential users of labor in the colonies. In particular, if going to the new world could be a win-win for both the worker and whoever in the new world hires him or her, why were there any problems getting people over. Note: I m looking for more than just high passage costs. New world incomes were high enough relative to passage costs to make immigration a good investment or you wouldn t have had people wanting to emigrate and planters wanting to hire them. b. What methods of overcoming this problem were tried, but were ultimately not successful? Why did they fail? What system ultimately succeeded at getting European labor to the new world? Explain why this method succeeded whereas others failed. 6