CONTENTS Summary 3 1INTRODUCTION 4 1.1 Projectorigins 4 2 METHODOLOGY 5 2.1 Projectdesign 5 2.2 DeskHbasedassessment 5 2.3 Walkoversurvey 6 2.4 Archive 6 3 BACKGROUND 6 3.1 Location,topographyandgeology 6 4 HISTORICALCONTEXT 7 4.1 Historicalbackground 7 5 RESULTS 9 5.1 Methodology 9 5.2 Surveyresults:Pigsty 9 5.3 Surveyresults:Ruinedmill 11 5.4 Surveyresults:Millrace 14 5.5 Surveyresults:Garage 16 5.6 Discussion 16 6 ARCHIVE 17 7 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 17 8 BIBLIOGRAPHY 17 FIGURES Figure1.LocationofRavenbridge,Mill. 4 Figure2.LocationofsubjectbuildingsRavenbridgeMill 5 Figure3.1576Saxtonmap 8 GerryMartinAssociatesLtd 1
Figure4.1644Janssenmap 8 Figure5.1695Mordenmap 8 Figure6.Hodkinson&Donaldmap1774 8 Figure7.FirstEditionOrdnanceSurveymap1867 9 Figure8.Planofthepigsty 10 Figure9.Facadeofnorthernunitinthepigsty 10 Figure10.Southelevationofpigstywithvents 10 Figure11.Northelevationofpigsty 11 Figure12.Westernelevationshowingpens 11 Figure13.Planoftheruinedmill 12 Figure14.Easternelevationofruinedmill 12 Figure15.Northernelevationofruinedmill 12 Figure16.Windowineasternelevation 13 Figure17.Blocked window ineasternelevation 13 Figure18.Apertureinnorthernelevation 13 Figure19.Sluiceinadditionalnorthwall 13 Figure20.Conjunctionoftwowesternwalls 14 Figure21.Wheelscaronnorthelevation 14 Figure22.Spiralsetofsteps 14 Figure23.Westernextensionoftheruinedmill 14 Figure24.Sluicesattheeasternendofthemill 15 Figure25.Stepsleadinguptothemill 15 Figure26.Stoneplinth 15 Figure27.Leetinfrontoftheruinedmill 15 Figure28.Theovergrownleetlookingwestwards 15 Figure29.Singlestonecourseoftheleet 15 Figure30.Outbuildingusedasagarage 16 GerryMartinAssociatesLtd 2
Summary The study suggested that the pigsty was of mid 19 th Century or later date and possessed no architecturalmerit. The ruined shell of the mill survived to a height of approximately 1.50m and a number of architecturalembellishmentswerepresent. Themillraceandancillaryfeaturessuchasleetsandsluiceshavesurvivedwithinthemillcomplex. Documentarysourcesintimatethatthemillmaydatefromthe17 th Centurybutthiscouldnotbe verifiedfromtherecentsurvey. GerryMartinAssociatesLtd 3
1 INTRODUCTION 1.1Projectorigins Regardingtheimpactofaplanningapplication(3/07/0791fortheconversionofaruinedstructure (the mill and a former pigsty into tow holiday cottages at Ravenbridge Mill, Renwick, Cumbria CountyCouncil shistoricenvironmentservice(cccheswasconsultedbyedendistrictcouncil. The scheme affects an area of archaeological significance, recorded on the County Historic EnvironmentRecordasHuddlesceughCornMill(CCCHER10573.Furtherinformationconcerning thelocation,survivalandsignificanceoftheknownarchaeologicalremainsonthesite(includingthe two structures affected by the proposed development, as well as the potential for unknown archaeologicalremainswasrequired. ADesignBriefsetouttherequirementsforanarchaeologicaldeskSbasedassessmentandalevel1 survey of the ruined structure and pigsty. Dependent upon the results of the desksbased assessment,anarchaeologicalwatchingbriefmayberequiredasafuturephaseofarchaeological worktorecordanyremainsdisturbedbythedevelopment.thescopeofthewatchingbriefwillbe drivenbytheresultsofthedesksbasedassessmentandifnecessarywillrequiretheproductionofa separatedesignbrieffromcumbriacountycouncil shistoricenvironmentservice(ccches. ThisadvicewasinaccordancewithguidancegiveninPlanningPolicyGuidancenote16(Archaeology andplanningandwiththesavedpoliciesoftheedenlocalplan. Studyarea Figure1.LocationofRavenbridge,Mill.(OSCopyright,Licenceno.100044205 GerryMartinAssociatesLtd 4
2 METHODOLOGY 2.1 Projectdesign InresponsetoarequestbyCumbriaCountyCouncil,GerryMartinAssociatesLtdsubmittedaproject designforaninitialassessment(levelibuildingsurveyregardingarchaeologicalrecordingofextant buildings and a desksbased assessment. This document outlined the contractors professional suitability,historicalbackground,generalobjectivesrequiredfortheproject,themethodologyand theresourcesrequiredforthesuccessfulexpeditionofthiswork. The project design on being accepted by the curatorial body, Gerry Martin Associates Ltd was commissionedbymrk.wilsontoundertakethedesksbasedassessmentandthebuildingsurvey. ThefollowingreporthasbeenassembledtotherelevantstandardsandprotocolsoftheInstituteof Field Archaeologists, combined with accepted best practice and in accordance with the brief preparedbythecuratorialauthority. FieldworktookplaceonJanuary14 th 2011. NORTH Millrace Garage Pigsty Millruin 2.2 DeskHbasedassessment Figure2.LocationofsubjectbuildingsRavenbridgeMill InaccordancewiththeDesignBrief,thedeskSbasedassessmentinvestigatedprimaryandsecondary historicalsources,mapsandotherliteratureinordertosetthesurveyresultsintotheirpastcultural, historicalandtopographiccontext. GerryMartinAssociatesLtd 5
The physical study area centred on NY 6007 4295 and consisted of a 1,000m radius from the development. ThedeskSbasedassessmentrequiredasearchofthreearchivalrepositories: Carlisle Library provided sources for published works including newspaper articles, archaeological andantiquarianreportsandtradejournals. CumbriaRecordOffice,Carlisleprovidedtheearliesttithemapfortheparish,detailsoflandowners andoccupiersandcartographicevidence. TheHistoricEnvironmentRecord,KendalprovidedtheSitesandMonumentsRecorddescribing previousarchaeologicalobservationsofthestudyarea. 2.3 WalkHoversurvey A walksover of the study area revealed a number of minor points that could impact upon the development.theseobservationsincluded: WithintheshelloftheMill,thereexistedabuildSupofdebrisandrubble TheconfluenceofKilnBeckandRavenBeckappearstohaveshiftedtoanewbreachjust eastoftheoriginalculvert The mill race beside the ruined mill had been partly filled and vegetation had begun to encroach Thesitewasinagenerallygoodconditionwithnosignificanthealthandsafetyissues 2.4 Archive Thearchivehasbeencompiledinaccordancewiththeprojectdesignandtheguidelinessetoutby ManagementofArchaeologicalProjects(EnglishHeritage,1991andtheInstituteofField Archaeologists(1994and2007. Thearchivewillbedepositedwithanappropriaterepositoryandacopyofthereportdonatedtothe CountySitesandMonumentsRecord,asrequestedbythecuratorialauthority. 3 BACKGROUND 3.1 Location,topographyandgeology Thestudyarealiesatapproximately188mOD,withintheparishofRenwickembracingthedistrict lyingbetweentherivuletscroglinandravensbeck,andextendingfromeasttowestforadistanceof aboutfourmiles,andfromnorthtosouthbyabouttwomiles. Traditionallocalindustrieshavebeenheavilyreliantonagricultureeitherbyrearinganimalsorcrop productionorthroughprocessinglocallygrownfoodstuffs.miningformerlyimportantisnolonger practised. GerryMartinAssociatesLtd 6
Theareaisgenerallyafforestedwithpasture,agravellyloamoverlyingRedsandstonebedrockwith a subsoil of gravel and sand. About a third of the land was arable, and the remainder stunted meadowandmountainpasture. The earlyspermian Penrith Sandstone Formation was deposited in a structurallyscontrolled intermontane basin that was broadly coincident with the present Vale of Eden. The Penrith SandstoneisredSbrowntobrickredincolour,consistingofwellSroundedandwellSsorted,medium tocoarsegrains(allen,newell&butcher2010,3. 4 HISTORICALBACKGROUND 4.1 Historicalbackground InBulmersHistory&DirectoryofCumberlandfor1901,thefirstrecordedpossessorsofthemanor ofrenwickwerethestaveleys,towhomitwasgrantedbyhenryi.thisfamilybecameextinctinthe reignofedwardi,renwickbecomingapossessionforfeitedbyandrewdehercla,earlofcarlisle,by hisrebellionandconsequentattainder. ItwasgivenbyEdwardIIItoRobertEaglesfield,QueenPhillipasconfessor,andfounderofQueens College,Oxford,who,intheyear1341,settledituponhisnewlySfoundedcollege.ThemanoriscoS extensivewiththeparish,andisheldpartlyonfreeholdandpartlyoncustomarytenure;thetenants of the latter pay an annual customary rent, and a twelvespenny fine upon change of tenant, as settledbyindenturemadein1664. Itwasalsoagreedthat"thetenantsdoscourandcleansethewatercoursetothelordsmill,from thebottomuptothemilltroughshead,andmaintainthesaidmillwithwallandthatch,andbringthe millstonestothesame,andgrindtheircornthereat,payingatwentysfourth mulcuture; and that theyshallcutdownnotimbertrees,exceptwhatshallbesetouttothembythestewardforthe necessaryrepairsoftheirhouses."(whellan1860,619. ThiscouldrefertoHuddlesceughMill(analternativeoptionwouldbeRenwickMilllistedonthefirst editionordnancesurveymapof1867,theformernameforravenbridgemillasthecarlislepatriot forseptember20 th 1844liststhesaleofRavenbridgeMillas: Tobesoldbyauction,attheScotchArms,Rickergate,Carlisle,onThursdaythe3rddayofOctober 1844,atsixoclockintheevening.AllthefreeholdmessuageandtenementcalledHUDDLESCEUGH MILL,intheParishofKirkoswald,intheCountyofCumberland,consistingofadwellinghouse,and watergristorcornmill,adryingkiln,andotherouthouses,and*0acres(mostlikely30or80,or thereabouts,ofricharableandmeadowland,intheoccupationoflionelrobinson,orhisunder tenants.forfurtherparticularsapplytomr.robertwil***,ofmossbandhall; Mr.JOHNNIXON,of*ockliffeCross;ortoMr.DOBINSON,Solicitor,Carlisle KIRKUP,Auctioneer Carlisle,5thSeptember,1844 Theestateof Huddleskew andthevillageof Rennock arementionedonthe1576saxtonmap, thenomenclaturemaintainedonthe1646janssonmap. The 1695 Morden map describes Reunwick but on the Hodkinson and Donald 1774 map the modernspellingforrenwickandhuddlesceughhallhadbeenestablished. GerryMartinAssociatesLtd 7
Noneofthemapsillustrateamill,althoughaconventionforRenwickMillispresentbesideHarberry Beckonthe1774map,perhapssuggestingthatthisparticularmillhadbecometheprominentcorn millinthelocality. Figure3.1576Saxtonmap Figure4.1644Janssenmap Figure5.1695Mordenmap Figure6.Hodkinson&Donaldmap1774 The first edition 1867 Ordnance Survey map illustrates Ravenbridge Mill (the study building and appearstoshowashortstretchofamillracethatcoincideswithaslightkinkinravenbeck. The1844TithemapDRC/161alsoillustratestheMilldescribedasplot256andownedbyQueens College,Oxford.ThetenantwasGeorgeGreenupwhoisdescribedasacornmillerinthe1858post OfficeDirectory. Thelandownersinthisparishformerlypaidaprescriptioninlieuoftithes,exceptingtheownersof oneestateatscalehouses,heldbythetallantirefamily,whoclaimedexemptiononaccountofan ancientownerhavingslaina cockatrice (aformofwyvernordragonduringthe17 th Century. ThecommonswereenclosedpursuanttoanActofParliamentpassedin1814,whenanallotment wasmadetomr.w.lawson,inlieuoftithes.duringtheearly19 th Century,RenwickFellwasmined GerryMartinAssociatesLtd 8
forcoalproducingaslightriseinthepopulationtoapeakof375in1831beforedecliningto316by 1851(Whellan1860,794S795. Figure7.FirstEditionOrdnanceSurveymap1867 5. 5.1 RESULTS Academicmerits ThebuildingsinthestudyareaweresurveyedonJanuary14 th 2011. Wherepossible,thesurveycomprisedofphotographicrecordingoftheinteriorsandelevationsof thestudybuildings,withdetailedphotographyofanyarchitecturalelements. Using surviving plans and where accessibility allowed, notations were undertaken regarding the characteristics of these buildings, including metrical data, thresholds, materials and building techniquesemployed. Thesenotesandphotographsformthecorpusofthefollowingreport. 5.2 Surveyresults:Pigsty Thepigsty(NY6013042965consistedoftwoelement;apigstyandpensdividedintotwounits. Thepigstymeasured5.55mx3.80minplan(figure8,possessedafacadethatwas1.30minheight, 0.50minwidthwithafurther1.10minheighttotheapexoftheroofandconsistedofacentralred GerryMartinAssociatesLtd 9
dressed sandstone door jamb with a 0.90m wide entrance formed from stones 0.25m in width (figure9.asingledoorremained,builtintimbertongueandgroove.thestructurewasbuiltfrom coursed,roughhewndressedsandstoneblocksmeasuring0.20mx0.15mx0.12m(figure11.no roofwaspresentbutitprobablycomprisedredsandstoneshingles.thegutteringwasmissing. North 0m 5m Figure8.Planofthepigsty Figure9.Facadeofnorthernunitinthepigsty Figure10.Southelevationofpigstywithvents Eachunitwithinthepigstypossessedsingleventilationslits(figure10attherearmeasuring0.25m inheightand0.10minwidth. GerryMartinAssociatesLtd 10
Addedlater,weretwostonepensmeasuring6.05mx3.80m(figure12comprisingdrySstonewalls measuring0.50minwidth,standingto1.20minheightcomplementedwithacopingofangled,flat stones.thesouthernwallhadbeenpartlyrepairedwithbreezeblocks.thepensweredividedinto twounitswithacentraldoubleentranceandwerefilledwithrubbish. Thepigstywasprobablyofmidtolate19 th Centurydateorlater. Figure11.Northelevationofpigsty Figure12.Westernelevationshowingpens 5.3 Surveyresults:Ruinedmill Theruinedmill(NY6009242971consistedofarectangularplanbuildingmeasuring6.58mx7.28m withaninternalareameasuring5.58mx6.28m(figure13.considerabledumpingofdebrisoccurred onthenorthernsideofthemillwithintheformermillrace(figure15. Thesubjectbuildingpossessedasuperstructureofroughhewnstoneblockscirca0.30mx0.40min size,smallertowardsthecornerat0.20mx0.30mbondedbyabuffsandyclaymortarformingwalls 0.50minthickness(figure14. Thefloorconsistedofhardstoneflagsbeneathrubbleandundergrowth. AccessintothebuildingwasviaaflightofstepsinthesouthSeasterncorner1.20minwidth.A numberofarchitecturaldetailswereobservedthatincluded: Awindowontheeasternelevation,0.30mfromthenorthSeasterncorner,1.10moffthe groundmeasuring0.80minwidth(figure16 Ablockedwindowordoorontheeasternelevation,1.80mfromthenorthSeasterncorner measuring0.80minwidth(figure17 Ablockeddooronthenorthernelevation,1.30mfromthenorthSwesterncornermeasuring 0.80minwidththatmayhavemaintainedthetransmissionfromthewheeltothegrinding stones(figure18 Theconjunctionoftwowalls,2.20mfromthenorthSwesterncornerthatsuggestedtwo phasesofconstruction(figure20 GerryMartinAssociatesLtd 11
Stairs Wall conjunction Filleddoor Window Transmission Added wall Steps 0m 5m North Figure13.Planoftheruinedmill Figure14.Easternelevationofruinedmill Figure15.Northernelevationofruinedmill Theexteriorofthenorthernelevation,0.80mfromthenorthSwesterncorner,illustratedanarced scar(figure21thatrepresentedthewaterwheelbrushingthesideofthemill.thescarmeasured 1.20minradiussuggestingthatthewaterwheelmeasured2.40mindiameter. Thegroundplanoftheruinedmillappearedtobetheoriginalfootprintwithlateradditionsand amendments. GerryMartinAssociatesLtd 12
Figure16.Windowineasternelevation Figure17.Blocked window ineasternelevation Figure18.Apertureinnorthernelevation Figure19.Sluiceinadditionalnorthwall GerryMartinAssociatesLtd 13
Figure20.Conjunctionoftwowesternwalls Figure21.Wheelscaronnorthelevation Aspiralsetoffivestonesteps(figure220.70minheightand1.20minwidthwasadded1.40m westwardsfromthenorthseasterncornerprobablyafterthemillhadgoneoutofuseasitwasbuilt abovethepartlyfilledmillrace. A1.30mlengthofmillwallappearstohavebeenaddedthatextendedwestwardsfromthenorthS westerncornerofthemill.thiswallpossessedasquaresluice(figure19withinacruderrough hewnrubblewall(figure23. Figure22.Spiralsetofsteps Figure23.Westernextensionoftheruinedmill 5.4 Surveyresults:Millrace AformalmillracewasobservedalongsidetheextanthouseandRavenBeck.Thefollowing observationswereundertaken: Attheeasternendofthemillrace,NY6012342985asmallbeck(KilnBeckhasbreached throughjusttotheeastofastonerevetment.twometreswestofthebreachweretwo stonesluices1.00minheightand0.80minwidththatwerenolongerinuse(figure24 Oppositethewestwingofthehouse,NY6009742965aflightofsevenstepsassembledasa fanmeasuring3.00minwidthand1.50minheightwithinabreachinthemillwall(figure25 GerryMartinAssociatesLtd 14
TwometreseastofthenorthSeasterncorneroftheruinedmill,NY6007442970wasastone plinthorplatform(figure26 Athreemetrestretchofloosewall,NY6007142959standing0.35minheightandlying paralleltothemill,2.80mapart.theleetwasfilledwithdebrisuptothetopofthewall wherethecircularstepsexisted(figure27. BeyondtheMill,theleetcontinuedtoNY6006342944asasinglecourseofstonesforming thenorthsideofthechannel(figures28and29.theleetwasinfilledandovergrown. Figure24.Sluicesattheeasternendofthemill Figure25.Stepsleadinguptothemill Figure26.Stoneplinth Figure27.Leetinfrontoftheruinedmill Figure28.TheovergrownleetlookingwestwardsFigure29.Singlestonecourseoftheleet GerryMartinAssociatesLtd 15
5.5 Surveyresults:Garage AmodernstoneSbuiltgaragehadbeenaddedtotheeastwingofRavenBridgeMillmeasuring6.40m x5.20mandstandingtoaheightof4.20mthatincludes1.50mfortheroofofthebuilding. Figure30.Outbuildingusedasagarage 5.6 Discussion Thepigstyandgaragewereoflittlearchitecturalmeritorinterestandprobablydatetothemidto later19 th Centuryoreventhe20 th Centuryinthecaseofthegarage.Bothstructuresdonotappear tobeonthefirsteditionordnancesurveymap(1867. Theruinedmillandtheattendantmillraceprobablypossessgreaterantiquityalthoughthereareno architecturaldevicesorarchaeologicalcontextthatconclusivelyprovesthisassertion. DocumentarysourcesintimatethattheMilloriginatesfromthemid17 th Centuryandispartofthe Huddlesceughestate.SignificantlythismillstandsonthesouthernsideofRavenbeckandtakesthe namehuddlesceugh,suggestingastrongassociationwiththatmanorratherthanrenwickmill whichliesonthenorthernbankofravenbeckandprobablytakesitsnamefromthenearbyvillage. Brunskillsuggeststhatthereliabilityprovidedbysteephillsidesandconsistentwatersupplies obtainedanadvantageforwatermillsoverwindmillsincumbriathatalsooversawthelater challengeofsteampower(brunskill2002,117. Thetypeofmillemployedisdependentonthelocaltopography.Thesubjectmillappearstobea breastshotmill.herewaterisadmittedtothewheelabouthalfwayupanditflowsoutwiththe rotationofthewheel.thisisusuallythepreferredoptionwhereonlyaheadofwaterofsome1.90s 2.60misavailablebutcanprovideapproximately50%efficiency. Thesimplewatermillasperfectedintheearly19 th Centurywasarrangedonthreelevels:thelowest levelcontainedthehorizontaldrivefromthewaterwheelandthegearingthatconverteditintoa verticaldrivetotheintermediatelevelwherethesetofmillstoneswerelocated.theupperlevelwas usedforstorageoftenlocatedintheroofspace. Thewaterwheelwasoftenexternal(asinthiscaseandoftenroofedandrequiredanarrow,easily controlledheadrace,abypassandatailrace. GerryMartinAssociatesLtd 16
Themilltendedtobeasimplerectangularbuildingwiththeproportionsandsizeofabarn,standing toaheightoftwoandahalforthreestoreys.itbecamecommonduringthe19 th Centuryto incorporateadryingormaltingkilnatoneendofthemill(assuggestedinthe1844billofsale whilstthemillerlivednearbyaccompaniedwithacartsshedandstables(brunskill2002,119. 6 ARCHIVE Thearchiveforthisprojectwillbedepositedwiththeappropriatearchaeologicalcurator,Tullie HouseMuseum,Carlisle.Thisarchivehasbeenassembledinaccordancewithintheprotocolsof ManagementofArchaeologicalProjects(MAP2. 7 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IamgratefultoMrKennethWilsonforhisassistancewiththefieldworkandansweringmyquestions regardingthehistoryofravenbridgemill.iwouldalsoliketothankjomacintoshforherhelpand guidancewiththehistoricenvironmentrecordinkendal,jeremyparsonsforhisguidanceonthe survey,thestaffofcarlislelibrarywithmyresearchintothelocalhistoryoftheareaandthestaffof CumbriaRecordOfficeandCarlislewiththemapregressionanddocumentarymaterial. 8 BIBLIOGRAPHY Allen,D.J.,Newell,A.J.&Butcher,A.S. Preliminary Review of the Geology and Hydrogeology of the Eden DTC SubScatchments, British GeologicalSurvey2010,Nottingham Andrews,G. ManagementofArchaeologicalProjects,EnglishHeritage,London1991 Brunskill,R.W. TraditionalBuildingsofCumbria,London2002 EnglishHeritage UnderstandingHistoricBuildings,AGuidetoGoodPractice,London2006 Hutchinson,W. TheHistoryoftheCountyofCumberlandVolII,Carlisle1974 IFA InstituteofFieldArchaeologists Standards&Guidancedocuments,Reading2001. RCHME RecordingHistoricBuildings:ADescriptiveSpecification(3 rd edition,london1996 Whellan,W. TheHistoryandTopographyoftheCountiesofCumberland&Westmorland,Pontefract,1860 GerryMartinAssociatesLtd 17