Alberta Provincial Electoral Divisions Lacombe- Ponoka Compiled from the 2016 Census of Canada July 2018
Introduction The following report produced by the Office of Statistics and Information presents a statistical profile for the Provincial Electoral Division (PED) of Lacombe-Ponoka. A PED is a territorial unit represented by an elected Member to serve in the Alberta Provincial Legislative Assembly. This profile is based on the electoral boundaries that will be in effect for the 2019 Provincial General Election. General characteristics of the PED of Lacombe-Ponoka are described with statistics from the 2016 Census of Canada, including: age, sex, marital status, household types, language, Aboriginal identity, citizenship, ethnic origin, place of birth, visible minorities, mobility, dwellings, education, labour force and income. Users are advised to refer to the endnotes of this profile for further information regarding data quality and definitions. Should you have any questions or require additional information, please contact: Ryan Mazan Chief Statistician/Director Office of Statistics and Information Alberta Treasury Board and Finance Ryan.Mazan@gov.ab.ca
HWY 2 Pigeon Lake HWY 13! Wetaskiwin 53 Camrose Driedmeat Lake Lacombe-Ponoka 74 Maskwacis- Wetaskiwin Provincial Electoral Division 68 80 Rimbey-Rocky Mountain House- Sundre HWY 53! Ponoka HWY 2A Red Deer Lake HWY 21 Lacombe-Ponoka Provincial Electoral Division Bashaw! HWY 20 Gull Lake! Lacombe 68 Lacombe-Ponoka HWY 12 HWY 50 HWY46 Buffalo Lake Blackfalds! Sylvan Lake Sylvan Lake! HWY 11a 78 Red Deer- North HWY 11 59 Drumheller- Stettler 79 Red Deer- South 66 Innisfail- Sylvan Lake Km 0 10 20! Penhold HWY 42 Sources: Provincial Electoral Division, Elections Alberta (in Effect for the 2019 Provincial General Election); BaseMap, Esri's World Street Map
Population** Total population 44,845 Males 22,470 50.1% Females 22,375 49.9% Age Groups** 0-4 years 3,180 7.1% 5-17 years 7,920 17.7% 18-24 years 3,660 8.2% 25-44 years 12,380 27.6% 45-64 years 11,690 26.1% 65 years and over 5,995 13.4% Legal Marital Status** Total population 15 years and over by Marital Status (1) 35,490 Single (never legally married) 8,210 23.1% Legally Married (and not separated) 19,095 53.8% Separated (but not divorced) 855 2.4% Divorced 2,105 5.9% Widowed 1,670 4.7% Common-law 3,555 10.0% Household Type** Total Private households by household type 16,690 One-census-family households 12,145 72.8% Multiple-census-family households 235 1.4% Non-census family households 4,310 25.8% One-person households 3,605 21.6% Two-or-more person non-census family households 705 4.2% Population by Household Type** Number of persons in private households 43,715 Number of persons in census families 37,435 Total number of non-family persons in private households 6,280 Males not in census families 3,335 53.1% Females not in census families 2,945 46.9% Average household size 2.6 Page 1 of 17
Family Structure** Total number of census families in private households (2) 12,615 Total couple families by family structure 11,060 87.7% Married couples 9,285 73.6% Common-law couples (1) 1,775 14.1% Couples without children 5,430 43.0% Couples with children 5,635 44.7% 1 child 1,985 15.7% 2 children 2,280 18.1% 3 or more children 1,375 10.9% Total lone-parent families 1,550 12.3% 1 child 885 7.0% 2 children 450 3.6% 3 or more children 210 1.7% Lone parent female headed 1,190 9.4% Lone parent male headed 360 2.9% Average family size 3.0 Home Language (3)** Single responses 43,465 98.4% English 42,010 96.7% French 125 0.3% Non-official languages 1,330 3.1% Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino) 360 0.8% Punjabi (Panjabi) 10 0.0% Cantonese 10 0.0% Mandarin 10 0.0% German 305 0.7% Spanish 85 0.2% Multiple responses 705 1.6% Knowledge of Official Languages (4)** English only 42,320 95.8% French only 20 0.0% English and French 1,695 3.8% Neither English nor French 140 0.3% Page 2 of 17
Aboriginal Identity Population (5)*** Total Population 44,845 Non-Aboriginal Population 41,325 92.2% Total Aboriginal Population 2,570 5.7% Single Aboriginal responses (6) 2,535 98.6% First Nations (North American Indian) 1,040 40.5% Métis 1,475 57.4% Inuit 30 1.2% Multiple Aboriginal responses (7) 15 0.6% Aboriginal responses not included elsewhere (8) 25 1.0% Citizenship*** Total population in private households by citizenship 43,895 Canadian citizens (9) 42,060 95.8% Canadian citizens under age 18 10,900 25.9% Canadian citizens aged 18 and over 31,155 74.1% Not Canadian citizens 1,835 4.2% Immigrant Population by Period of Immigration*** Total Population by Immigrant Status 43,895 Non-immigrant population (10) 39,920 90.9% Immigrant population (11) 3,595 8.2% Period of Immigration: Before 1981 1,050 29.2% 1981 to 1990 365 10.2% 1991 to 2000 555 15.4% 2001 to 2010 860 23.9% 2001 to 2005 320 8.9% 2006 to 2010 535 14.9% 2011 to 2016 765 21.3% Non-permanent residents (12) 380 0.9% Page 3 of 17
Place of Birth*** Total immigrant population by selected places of birth 3,595 Americas 565 15.7% Europe 1,720 47.8% Africa 160 4.5% Asia and the Middle East 1,130 31.4% Oceania and other places of birth (13) 15 0.4% Visible Minorities (14)*** Total Population by Visible Minority 43,895 Not a visible minority 41,625 94.8% Visible minority population 2,265 5.2% South Asian 215 9.5% Chinese 160 7.1% Black 420 18.5% Filipino 980 43.3% Latin American 135 6.0% Arab 15 0.7% Southeast Asian 105 4.6% West Asian 0 0.0% Korean 130 5.7% Japanese 70 3.1% Visible minority, n.i.e. 0 0.0% Multiple visible minorities 40 1.8% Page 4 of 17
Ethnic Origin (15)(16)*** Total Population in Private Households by Ethnic Origins 43,900 North American Aboriginal origins 3,275 7.5% Other North American origins (e.g., Canadian, American, Acadian) 14,060 32.0% European origins 34,000 77.4% British Isles origins 21,590 49.2% French origins 4,870 11.1% Western European origins (except French origins) 15,090 34.4% German 10,685 24.3% Northern European origins (except British Isles origins) 5,610 12.8% Eastern European origins 6,750 15.4% Ukrainian 3,405 7.8% Southern European origins 1,285 2.9% Other European origins 170 0.4% Caribbean origins 230 0.5% Latin, Central and South American origins 285 0.6% African origins 290 0.7% Central and West African origins 80 0.2% North African origins 15 0.0% Southern and East African origins 140 0.3% Other African origins 60 0.1% Asian origins 1,880 4.3% West Central Asian and Middle Eastern origins 100 0.2% Lebanese 25 0.1% South Asian origins 235 0.5% East Indian 200 0.5% Pakistani 0 0.0% East and Southeast Asian origins 1,545 3.5% Chinese 220 0.5% Filipino 1,005 2.3% Vietnamese 25 0.1% Other Asian origins 10 0.0% Oceania origins 90 0.2% Page 5 of 17
Mobility Status*** Total Population by Mobility status 1 year ago (17) 43,290 Non-movers 37,410 86.4% Movers 5,880 13.6% Non-migrants 2,420 5.6% Migrants 3,455 8.0% Internal migrants 3,320 7.7% Intraprovincial migrants 3,000 6.9% Interprovincial migrants 325 0.8% External migrants 135 0.3% Total Population by Mobility status 5 years ago (18) 40,740 Non-movers 23,420 57.5% Movers 17,320 42.5% Non-migrants 6,315 15.5% Migrants 11,005 27.0% Internal migrants 10,275 25.2% Intraprovincial migrants 8,355 20.5% Interprovincial migrants 1,925 4.7% External migrants 730 1.8% Dwelling Type** Total occupied private dwellings 16,690 Single-detached house 12,535 75.1% Semi-detached house 715 4.3% Row house 695 4.2% Apartment or flat in a duplex 285 1.7% Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys 0 0.0% Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys 1,085 6.5% Other single-attached house 40 0.2% Movable dwelling (19) 1,335 8.0% Dwelling Tenure and Characteristics*** Owner 13,445 80.2% Renter 3,330 19.9% Band housing 0 0.0% Median value of dwellings ($) $325,545 Average number of rooms per dwelling 7.1 Page 6 of 17
Dwellings by Need of Repair*** Only regular maintenance or minor repairs needed 15,830 94.4% Major repairs needed 940 5.6% Dwellings by Period of Construction*** Total number of occupied private dwellings by period of construction 16,775 1960 or before 2,400 14.3% 1961 to 1980 3,890 23.2% 1981 to 1990 2,010 12.0% 1991 to 2000 2,470 14.7% 2001 to 2005 1,685 10.0% 2006 to 2010 2,235 13.3% 2011 to 2016 2,080 12.4% Dwelling Costs by Tenure*** Total non-farm, non-reserve occupied private dwellings 15,650 Number of tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings 3,255 Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($) (20) $1,183 % of tenant households spending 30% or more of total income on shelter costs 33.1% Number of owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings 12,440 Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($) (21) $1,406 % of owner households spending 30% or more of total income on shelter costs 14.7% Page 7 of 17
Highest Level of Schooling (22)*** Total population 25 to 64 years 23,770 No certificate, diploma or degree 3,070 12.9% Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate (23) 6,790 28.6% Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree 13,905 58.5% Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma 3,870 16.3% Trades certificate or diploma other than Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification (24) 885 3.7% Certificate of Apprenticeship or Certificate of Qualification (25) 2,980 12.5% College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma 6,090 25.6% University certificate or diploma below bachelor level 745 3.1% University certificate, diploma or degree at bachelor level or above 3,195 13.4% Bachelor's degree 2,370 10.0% University certificate or diploma above bachelor level 140 0.6% Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry 95 0.4% Master's degree 520 2.2% Earned doctorate 70 0.3% Postsecondary Qualifications, Field of Study (26)*** Total population 25 to 64 years 23,765 Education 995 2.9% Visual and performing arts & communications technologies 210 0.6% Humanities 360 1.0% Social and behavioural sciences and law 775 2.2% Business, management and public administration 2,340 6.8% Physical and life sciences and technologies 290 0.8% Mathematics, computer and information sciences 240 0.7% Architecture, engineering, and related technologies 4,225 12.3% Agriculture, natural resources and conservation 850 2.5% Health and related fields 2,655 7.7% Personal, protective and transportation services 970 2.8% Other fields of study 0 0.0% No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree 9,865 28.6% Page 8 of 17
Labour Force Status (27)*** Total population 15 years and over 34,480 In the labour force 24,775 Participation Rate 71.9% Employed 22,320 Employment Rate 64.7% Unemployed 2,455 Unemployment Rate 9.9% Not in the labour force 9,705 Males - 15 years and over 17,280 In the labour force 13,500 Participation Rate 78.1% Employed 11,920 Employment Rate 69.0% Unemployed 1,580 Unemployment Rate 11.7% Not in the labour force 3,775 Females - 15 years and over 17,200 In the labour force 11,270 Participation Rate 65.5% Employed 10,395 Employment Rate 60.4% Unemployed 875 Unemployment Rate 7.8% Not in the labour force 5,930 Labour Force by Sex and Class of Worker*** Males - All classes of workers 13,500 54.5% Employee 10,850 43.8% Self-employed (28) 2,515 10.2% Class of worker - not applicable (29) 135 0.5% Females - All classes of workers 11,275 45.5% Employee 9,555 38.6% Self-employed 1,520 6.1% Class of worker - not applicable 195 0.8% Page 9 of 17
Labour Force by Major Occupation Groups (NOC 2016) (30)*** Total experienced labour force 15 years and over 24,775 Males - All occupations 13,500 54.5% Management occupations 2,195 8.9% Business, finance and administration occupations 545 2.2% Natural and applied sciences and related occupations 855 3.5% Health occupations 320 1.3% Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services 540 2.2% Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport 130 0.5% Sales and service occupations 1,390 5.6% Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations 5,110 20.6% Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations 1,465 5.9% Occupations in manufacturing and utilities 820 3.3% Occupation - not applicable 135 0.5% Females - All occupations 11,275 45.5% Management occupations 1,030 4.2% Business, finance and administration occupations 2,840 11.5% Natural and applied sciences and related occupations 250 1.0% Health occupations 1,520 6.1% Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services 1,450 5.9% Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport 365 1.5% Sales and service occupations 2,645 10.7% Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations 435 1.8% Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations 380 1.5% Occupations in manufacturing and utilities 160 0.6% Occupation - not applicable 195 0.8% Page 10 of 17
Labour Force by Industry (NAICS 2012) (31)*** Total experienced labour force 15 years and over 24,775 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting 2,250 9.1% Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 2,075 8.4% Utilities 145 0.6% Construction 2,780 11.2% Manufacturing 1,495 6.0% Wholesale trade 850 3.4% Retail trade 2,390 9.6% Transportation and warehousing 1,055 4.3% Information and cultural industries 220 0.9% Finance and insurance 560 2.3% Real estate and rental and leasing 365 1.5% Professional, scientific and technical services 1,140 4.6% Management of companies and enterprises 10 0.0% Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services 675 2.7% Educational services 1,320 5.3% Health care and social assistance 3,000 12.1% Arts, entertainment and recreation 345 1.4% Accommodation and food services 1,180 4.8% Other services (except public administration) 1,485 6.0% Public administration 1,105 4.5% Industry - not applicable 330 1.3% Page 11 of 17
Labour Force by Sex and Place of Work*** Total employed labour force 15 years and over 22,320 Males in employed labour force 11,925 53.4% Worked at usual place 7,615 34.1% Worked at home 1,435 6.4% Worked outside Canada 60 0.3% No fixed workplace address 2,820 12.6% Females in employed labour force 10,400 46.6% Worked at usual place 8,435 37.8% Worked at home 1,360 6.1% Worked outside Canada 0 0.0% No fixed workplace address 600 2.7% Employed Labour Force by Mode of Transportation (32)*** Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force in private households 19,465 Car, truck, van - as a driver 17,395 89.4% Car, truck, van - as a passenger 815 4.2% Public transit 110 0.6% Walked 705 3.6% Bicycle 125 0.6% Other method 315 1.6% Employment Income (2015) by Sex and Work Activity (33)***^ Population aged 15 years and over who worked full year, full time and with employment income in 2015 11,795 Median employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($) $59,451 Males Employed - 15 years and over 7,020 Median male employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers($) $72,265 Females Employed - 15 years and over 4,780 Median female employment income in 2015 for full-year full-time workers ($) $48,404 Page 12 of 17
Total Income (2015) by Sex (34)***^ Total population 15 years and over with income 33,085 Males 15 years and over with total income 16,600 50.2% Under $10,000 (including loss) 1,245 3.8% $10,000 to $19,999 1,540 4.7% $20,000 to $29,999 1,605 4.9% $30,000 to $39,999 1,465 4.4% $40,000 to $49,999 1,390 4.2% $50,000 to $59,999 1,385 4.2% $60,000 to $69,999 1,265 3.8% $70,000 to $79,999 1,290 3.9% $80,000 to $89,999 1,045 3.2% $90,000 to $99,999 865 2.6% $100,000 and over 3,510 10.6% $100,000 to $149,999 2,190 6.6% $150,000 and over 1,315 4.0% Median total income ($) $57,893 Females 15 years and over with total income 16,490 49.8% Under $10,000 (including loss) 2,635 8.0% $10,000 to $19,999 2,770 8.4% $20,000 to $29,999 2,655 8.0% $30,000 to $39,999 2,085 6.3% $40,000 to $49,999 1,820 5.5% $50,000 to $59,999 1,440 4.4% $60,000 to $69,999 895 2.7% $70,000 to $79,999 620 1.9% $80,000 to $89,999 420 1.3% $90,000 to $99,999 340 1.0% $100,000 and over 800 2.4% $100,000 to $149,999 600 1.8% $150,000 and over 205 0.6% Median total income ($) $30,811 Page 13 of 17
Household Income (2015) (35)***^ Total private households 16,770 Under $5,000 175 1.0% $5,000 to $9,999 130 0.8% $10,000 to $14,999 160 1.0% $15,000 to $19,999 310 1.8% $20,000 to $24,999 690 4.1% $25,000 to $29,999 470 2.8% $30,000 to $34,999 385 2.3% $35,000 to $39,999 530 3.2% $40,000 to $44,999 630 2.9% $45,000 to $49,999 490 2.9% $50,000 to $59,999 1,130 6.7% $60,000 to $69,999 1,135 6.8% $70,000 to $79,999 980 5.8% $80,000 to $89,999 1,045 6.2% $90,000 to $99,999 995 5.9% $100,000 and over 7,525 44.9% $100,000 to $124,999 2,160 12.9% $125,000 to $149,999 1,770 10.6% $150,000 to $199,999 1,975 11.8% $200,000 and over 1,615 9.6% Median household income ($) $91,364 Page 14 of 17
Economic Family Income (2015) (36)***^ Total number of economic families 12,520 Median family income ($) $104,690 Couple families 5,110 Median family income ($) $93,415 Couple-with-children economic families 5,705 Median family income ($) $127,178 Lone-parent economic families 1,455 Median family income ($) $56,625 Incidence of Low Income in 2015 on after-tax low-income measure (LIM-AT) (37)***^ Population in Low Income (38) 3,860 8.8% Aged 0 to 17 years 1,365 12.2% Aged 0 to 5 years 470 12.3% Aged 18 to 64 years 2,020 7.4% Aged 65 years and over 470 8.8% Males in Low Income 1,755 7.9% Females in Low Income 2,105 9.6% Page 15 of 17
Endnotes: The global non-response rate (GNR) for Lacombe-Ponoka is 3.9%. The GNR combines both complete non-response (household) and partial non-reponse (question) into a single rate. The GNR is an indication of data quality, where a smaller GNR suggest greater accuracy and a lower risk of non-response bias. When the GNR is 50% or above, the data are supressed. The GNR is identified for each region. A higher GNR indicates the need for user caution. Data in this report have been specially tabulated from the Statistic Canada 2016 Census of Canada, by allocation of the Statistics Canada block face reference points to PEDs ^ Income statistics presented in this report are based on 25% sample data from 2016 Census. Statistics Canada has also released income data using a 100% sample, as such, Alberta income statistics in this report may not match data presented elsewhere. Income statistics from the 100% sample was not available at the PED level at the time of publication. * ** 100% Data *** 25% Sample Data (1) All persons under the age of 15 years are considered 'never married' and not living common-law. (2) Totals may not add to 100% due to random rounding. Census family is defined as a married couple and the children, if any, of either and/or both spouses; a couple living common law and the children, if any, of either and/or both partners; or a lone parent of any marital status with at least one child living in the same dwelling and that child or those children. All members of a particular census family live in the same dwelling. A couple may be of opposite or same sex. Children may be children by birth, marriage, common-law union or adoption regardless of their age or marital status as long as they live in the dwelling and do not have their own married spouse, common-law partner or child living in the dwelling. Grandchildren living with their grandparent(s) but with no parents present also constitute a census family. (3) (4) (5) Language spoken most often at home at the time of the Census. More than one language can be reported if the languages are spoken equally often. Caution is advised when using for historical comparability purposes. Refers to whether a person can conduct a conversation in the language. For a child who has not yet learned to speak, this includes languages the child is learning. Includes persons who reported being an Aboriginal person (First Nations/North American Indian, Métis or Inuk/Inuit) and/or having Registered or Treaty Indian status, and/or membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Estimates associated with this variable are most affected by the incomplete enumeration of Indian reserves or settlements. Permission for enumeration was not given for Saddle Lake 125, and data is not available for this region. (6) (7) Includes persons who indicated any two or all three of First Nations, Metis or Inuit. (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) Includes persons who indicated only one Aboriginal group (i.e. First Nations, Metis or Inuit). Includes persons who are not First Nations, Metis or Inuit, but who reported Registered or Treaty Indian status and/or membership in a First Nation or Indian band. Includes Canadian citizens by birth and naturalization. Persons who are Canadian citizens by birth. Persons who are, or have ever been, landed immigrants or permanent residents. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this category. This category includes immigrants who landed in Canada on or prior to May 10, 2016. Includes persons from another country who have a work or study permit or who are refugee claimants, and their family members living in Canada with them. Includes places of birth in Oceania and responses not included elsewhere (i.e. born at sea). Refers to whether a person belongs to a visible minority group as defined by the Employment Equity Act, and, if so, the visible minority group to which the person belongs. Under the Act, visible minorities are "persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-caucasian in race or non-white in colour." (15) (16) Refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors (usually more distant than a grandparent). The sum of the ethnic groups in this table is greater than the total population count because a person may report more than one ethnic origin. Page 16 of 17
(17) Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date one year earlier. Non-migrants are persons who moved but remained in the same city, town, village or Indian reserve. Migrants include internal migrants, who moved to a different jurisdiction (such as a city or town) but remained within Canada. External migrants include persons who lived outside Canada at the earlier reference date. (18) Refers to the status of a person with regard to the place of residence on the reference day, May 10, 2016, in relation to the place of residence on the same date five years earlier. (19) (20) Includes mobile homes and other dwellings such as houseboats, recreational vehicles and railroad cars. All expenses paid by household renters including monthly rent, electricity, heat, water and other municipal services where applicable. (21) (22) All expenses paid by household owners including mortgage, electricity, heat, water, taxes, condominium fees, and other municipal services where applicable. Highest level of education a person has successfully completed and measures the broader concept of 'Educational Attainment'. A person who has completed one type of certification will not necessarily have completed the certification below it in the hierarchy. For example, a person with a trades certificate may not have completed a high school certification. (23) Includes only people who have this as their highest educational qualification. Excludes persons with a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree. (24) Includes trades certificates/diplomas such as pre-employment or vocational certificates from brief trade programs completed at community colleges, institutes of technology, vocational centres and the like. (25) Includes Journeyperson's designations. (26) The main discipline or subject of learning for the person's highest completed postsecondary qualification, classified according to the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) Canada 2016. (27) (28) Refers to whether a person aged 15 years and over was employed, unemployed or not in the labour force during the week of May 1-7, 2016. Includes persons aged 15 years and over with or without an incorporated business with or without paid help, as well as unpaid family workers. (29) (30) (31) (32) (33) Includes unemployed persons aged 15 years and over who have never worked for pay or in self-employment, or who had last worked prior to January 1, 2015. Refers to the kind of work performed by persons during the week of May 1-7, 2016, as determined by their kind of work and the description of the main activities in their job, according to the National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2016. Refers to the general nature of the business carried out where the person worked, classified according to the North American Industry Classification (NAICS) 2012. Census assumes that commute to work begins at the usual place of residence, but this may not always be the case. Includes all income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice in the calendar year of 2015. Full-time full-year workers are those who worked 30 hours or more per week for at least 49 weeks in the calendar year of 2015. (34) Total income refers to monetary receipts from certain sources (e.g., employment income, government transfer, Old Age Security, income from investment, spousal support etc.), before income taxes and deductions, during calendar year 2015. (35) Total income of all household members, before income taxes and deductions for the calendar year of 2015. (36) Total income of all economic family members, before income taxes and deductions for the calendar year of 2015. An economic family refers to a group of two or more people who live in the same dwelling and are related by blood, marriage, common-law union, adoption or foster relationship. A couple may be of opposite or same sex. By definition, all people who are members of a census family are also members of an economic family. However, members of an economic family need not be members of the same census family. (37) The low-income measure after tax (LIM-AT) is a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of households. The household after-tax income is adjusted to take economies of scale into account. The adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases. LIM-AT is not related or comparable to the low-income cut-offs (LICO) in the 2006 Census. Direct comparisons with low-income estimates from other sources is discouraged; however, it is appropriate to compare this low-income data for the 87 PEDs presented here. (38) The income situation in relation to a specific low-income line, with those below the line considered to be in low income. Low income concepts are not applied in certain areas based on census subdivision types (i.e. Indian reserves). Substantial in-kind transfers (i.e. subsidized and/or band housing), barter economies and/or consumption from hunting, farming or fishing, could make the interpretation of low income statistics difficult in these cases. Page 17 of 17