India s Reluctant Urbanization

India s Reluctant Urbanization

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India s Reluctant Urbanization Thinking Beyond Piyush Tiwari, Ranesh Nair, Pavan Ankinapalli, Jyoti Rao, Pritika Hingorani, and Manisha Gulati

Piyush Tiwari, Ranesh Nair, Pavan Ankinapalli, Jyoti Rao, Pritika Hingorani, and Manisha Gulati 2015 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2015 978-1-137-33974-4 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6 10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2015 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan areregisteredtrademarksin theunitedstates, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-67402-2 ISBN 978-1-137-33975-1 (ebook) DOI 10.1057/9781137339751 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Tiwari, Piyush. India s reluctant urbanization : thinking beyond / Piyush Tiwari, Ranesh Nair, Pavan Ankinapalli, Jyoti Rao, Pritika Hingorani, Manisha Gulati. pages cm Summary: Given the expected scale of the urban transformation in India over the next few years and the time span within which this will occur, this study presents a crucial analysis of the challenges facing urban India. Through a close examination of India s policies, economic system, social systems and politics, it explores the numerous perspectives and debates on India s urbanization.the book attempts to disaggregate the overall macro picture of increased urbanization painted in recent policy discourses to understand where it is happening, what the drivers/forces are local, regional, national and international, the dividends and perils of urbanization, actors/stakeholders and their engagement with urban at various levels from grass root level to overall city level, and the future of urbanization. The authors link contemporary urban issues with emerging challenges associated with policies and city management, matters which are yet to attract sufficient attention in public discourse. They present the alternative paradigms and innovative responses that have emerged to deal with challenges of reluctant urbanization, which often work on the boundaries of formal systems. The findings identify over lapping and intertwined areas for possible action, although the objective of the book is not to be prescriptive of any particular strategy of paradigm, but rather survey the potential options for the future development. India s Reluctant Urbanization is essential reading for scholars and researchers of urban economics and those interested in development economics and in particular India s economy Provided by publisher. 1. Urbanization India. 2. Urban renewal India. 3. Cities and towns India. I. Title. HT147.I5T587 2014 307.760954 dc23 2014029184

Contents List of Figures and Tables Acknowledgements vi vii 1 India s Reluctant Urbanization: Setting the Stage 1 2 Drivers of Emerging Urban Landscape 27 3 Built Environment 51 4 Productive Environment 120 5 Living Environment 153 6 Natural Environment: Towards (Re)Generative Cities 174 7 Governing Environment 193 8 Thinking Beyond 219 Notes 243 Index 250 v

Figures and Tables Figures 2.1 Share of urban population across different classes of cities in India 30 2.2 Exponential decadal growth rate of urban and rural population in India (1961 2011) 33 2.3 Distribution of population by age groups as per place of residence (2011) 34 2.4 Contribution of different sources to increase the urban population of India (1971 2011) 34 2.5 Percentage of literates by level of education (2001) 35 2.6 Reasons for migration in India (2001) 37 2.7 Cycle of employment opportunities and employable population 38 2.8 Vicious cycle of infrastructure and economic growth/degrowth 41 2.9 Distribution of workers in formal and informal sectors in rural and urban areas 45 4.1 Performance of SEZs 133 4.2 Manufacturing employment growth (1998 2005) 135 5.1 Trend of GDP per capita in current US dollar (1989 2012) across BRIC countries 156 5.2 Decadal change in number of poor (1974 2004) 157 5.3 Annual rate of decline in headcount ratio of poor 158 5.4 Number of households in India 164 8.1 Section of LPR scheme depicting original and new plots 224 Tables 2.1 Trends of urbanization in India (1951 2011) 32 2.2 Economic characteristics of migrants in urban areas by monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) 36 2.3 Current performance of Indian cities across key indicators of quality of life (2010) 40 2.4 Gini coefficient for rural and urban areas in India 43 5.1 Housing affordability across fractile classes 161 vi

Acknowledgements We would like to thank Pushpa and Anushka, Subha, Bhavani, and Durga, Anusha, Janaki, Anjala, and Swati for all the support, understanding, and encouragement during those hours of solitary confinement which we spent writing this book. We would also like to thank Taiba and Ania at Palgrave for their patience in waiting for the final chapters to be delivered. Thanks to Jaime Marshall of Palgrave for his encouragement and being the sounding board for the initial idea of the book. Thanks are also due to Naganika Sanga for her intellectual contributions to Chapter 3. vii