1 Travel When marking candidates responses, examiners focus on two marking criteria, including: Grammatical Accuracy: This literally means that you should be able to produce frequent error-free sentences. Grammatical Range: It is your ability to use and experiment with different kinds of sentence structures. A. Sentence Structures In an independent clause is a group of words (with a subject and a verb) that express a complete thought. Ex: People have different views about the effect of the international tourism. A subordinate clause (dependent clause) is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb, but this kind of clause cannot stand alone as a complete thought. Ex: Because/ When/ If people have different views about the effect of the international tourism. I. Simple Sentences A simple sentence contains only one independent clause. Ex: International tourism has some positive impacts on our lives S V II. Compound sentences A compound sentence contains at least two independent clauses. Ex: Tourism industry // puts more pressure on natural resources like oil and water and this // may S1 V1 S2 lead to the shortage of some basic human needs. V2 III. Complex sentences A complex sentence contains a subordinate clause and an independent clause. Ex: Since tourism industry creates many jobs opportunities in services like hotels and restaurants, subordinate clause international tourism can improve the standard of living in some local areas. independent clause IV. Compound-Complex sentences A compound - complex sentence contains at least one subordinate clause and at least two independent clauses. Ex: Since tourism industry creates many jobs opportunities in services like hotels and restaurants, subordinate clause more and more people have chance to work, independent clause 1 and international tourism then will improve the standard of living in some local areas. independent clause 2 1
2 How many complex sentences should be used in a IELTS Writing Task 2 response? On average, a band-9 response has 12 sentences, including 2 simple sentences, 2 compound sentences and 8 complex (compound- complex) sentences. How many types of subordinate clause should be used in a IELTS Writing Task 2 response? There should be three: Dependent noun clauses Dependent adverb clauses Dependent adjective clauses B. The three types of Subordinate clauses I. Dependent noun clauses 1. Dependent noun clauses work as objects. I believe that it has more benefits than the drawbacks. I can definitely say that the tourism industry is changing fast and this is attracting a lot more travellers each year. 2. Dependent noun clauses work as subjects. Clauses starting with that or wh- are used as nouns and work as subjects in sentences. These are three types of dependent noun clause used as subjects you should implement in your IELTS writing. They are: Clauses starting with whether Clauses starting with that Clauses starting with what a. Clauses starting with WHETHER Whether tourism really benefits a country or not is controversial. Whether immigrants should adopt the local culture when immigrating to a new country still remains a heated debate. b. Clauses starting with THAT (These clauses can be put in the end of the sentences and It can be used as subject) It is obvious that tourism is taken very seriously in several countries now. It is highly controversial that tourism brings more benefits than drawbacks to a country. c. Clauses starting with WHAT What we consider benefits of tourism now may cause other problems in future. Other places of interest are also gradually being turned into what are comparable to garbage dumps, despite all attempts to reduce the amount of waste by local community. 3. Dependent noun clauses explain the noun or noun phrase coming before. I personally support the point of view that travelling is equivalent to education. The idea that travelling activities bring a lot of benefits to the travelers themselves is undeniable. 2
3 4. Dependent noun clauses support the verb. This is because travelling also helps people in releasing their stress. The very bad thing of tourists is that they often throw trash on sight-seeing sites. II. Dependent adverb clauses 1. Dependent adverb clause starting with IF -Showing condition If we continue taking this beautiful landscape for granted, we have to accept that it will be completely destroyed someday. 2. Dependent adverb clause starting with WHILE -Showing contrast (WHILE can be replaced with THOUGH, ALTHOUGH, EVEN THOUGH, WHEREAS) While I accept that international tourism has some positive impacts on our lives, I believe that it has more negative impacts compared to positive ones. III. Dependent adjective clauses 1. Dependent adjective clause starting with WHO (refer to people) Tourism creates a lot of job opportunities for the local people, who could become tour guides or can run small businesses. Consequently, the number of people who travel for leisure activities has grown rapidly in the past few years. 2. Dependent adjective clause starting with THAT (used in defining relative clauses) The following essay will discuss some of the factors that affect the situation and several advantages of the activity for the traveller. Egypt is another nation that is heavily dependent on its hospitality sector. 3. Dependent adjective clause starting with WHICH (used in both defining and nondefining relative clauses) In order to economise, many are willing to sleep on the streets in their tents, which mars the cityscape. It helps us understand people in a new light, which can be very helpful to alleviate tensions during political or cultural conflicts. C. Common Questions about Travel 1. A lot of places in the world rely on tourism as a main source of income. Unfortunately, tourism can also be a source of problems if it is not managed correctly. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of tourism in the modern world. Do you think that benefits of tourism outweigh its drawbacks? 2. The best way to travel is travel in a group led by a tour guide. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement? 3. Some people claim that immigrants should adopt the local culture when immigrating to a new country. While others think that they can establish a minority community instead. Discuss both views and give your opinion. 3
4 4. Tourism has negative environmental impacts on tourist areas. What are these impacts? How can damaging impacts be lessened? 5. Ecotourism is now defined as responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment. What are the advantages of ecotourism? How can we make ecotourism more popular? 6. Many people believe that international tourism is a bad thing for their countries. What are the reasons? Solutions to change negative attitudes? 7. International tourism has brought enormous benefit to many places. At the same time, there is concern about its impact on local inhabitants and the environment. Do the disadvantages of international tourism outweigh the advantages? 8. Nowadays, international tourism is the biggest industry in the world. Unfortunately, international tourism creates tension rather than understanding between people from different cultures. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion? 9. Today more people are travelling than ever before. Why is this the case? What are the benefits of travelling for the traveller? 10. The costs of international travel are decreasing and tourism is growing. What are the advantages and disadvantages of increasing tourism activity in different countries? 11. Some people believe that to protect local culture, tourism should be banned in some areas whereas others think that change is inevitable and banning tourism will have no benefits. Discuss both sides and give your opinion. 12. As a result of tourism, many historical buildings and sites are being damaged beyond repair. What could be done to prevent this? D. Practice You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. Write about the following topic: The costs of international travel are decreasing and tourism is growing. What are the advantages and disadvantages of increasing tourism activity in different countries? You should write at least 250 words. 4
5 Translate these sentences into English using suggestions given. 1. Những thập kỉ gần đây, chi phí vận chuyển hàng không thấp đã khiến cho du lịch quốc tế dễ dàng hơn và nhiều quốc gia, do đó, đã phát triển ngành công nghiệp du lịch của họ thành một mũi nhọn kinh tế. recent decades/ low cost airfare/ make/ international travel easier/ many countries/ therefore/ develop/ tourism industries/ into/ key sectors/ economies. 2. Rõ ràng là có rất nhiều lợi ích đáng kể mà du lịch đem lại cho một quốc gia. Undoubtedly/ there/ significant benefits/ tourism bring/ country. 3. Điều này dẫn đến một số lượng đáng kể công việc được tạo ra cho những người thiếu trình độ cao đẳng, cũng như sự phát triển của cơ sở hạ tầng cần cho du khách ăn ở. This/ result in/ considerable/ number of jobs/ being created/ people/ who lack/ college education/ and also/ the development/ infrastructure/ need/ accommodate/ visitors. 4. Thêm vào đó, vì các du khách thường mang theo những đồ vật có giá trị như máy ảnh và không ý thức được xung quanh, họ trở thành đối tượng tốt cho bọn trộm. In addition/ because/ tourists/ often/ carry/ expensive objects/ like/ cameras/ be/ unaware/ surroundings/ they/ make/ good targets/ theft. 5. Tóm lại, rõ ràng là du lịch quốc tế đặc biệt có lợi đối với một nền kinh tế và môi trường của một đất nước. In summary/ it/ obvious/ global tourism/ greatly beneficial/ economy/ environment/ country. Sample In recent decades, low cost airfare has made international travel easier and many countries have, therefore, developed their tourism industries into key sectors of their economies. While it is clear tourism brings obvious benefits to the countries that host tourists, it is also true to say it may bring disadvantages as well. Undoubtedly, there are significant benefits that tourism brings to a country. First, a thriving tourist industry implies an increasing need for a variety of services such as hotels, transport, restaurants, and entertainment. This results in a considerable number of jobs being created for people who lack a college education and also the development of the infrastructure needed to accommodate visitors. Moreover, tourism is a "green" industry that, unlike factories, generates a low level of pollution. In fact, because beautiful natural landscapes are often places that tourists come to see, a country will often be sure to maintain the landscape in order to keep it attractive for tourists. 5
6 Despite the benefits, there are aspects of tourism that may prove harmful to a country. For instance, a country may suffer from the loss of their traditional culture. This is caused by people in a country changing their lifestyle, customs, and language in order to more effectively serve visitors or because they become influenced by foreign countries. This can cause stress in a traditional society and could even lead to animosity towards tourists. In addition, because tourists often carry expensive objects like cameras and are unaware of their surroundings, they make good targets for theft. Crime also increases as a result of the increases in drugs and prostitution that caters to some vacationers. In summary, it is obvious that global tourism is greatly beneficial to an economy and environment of a country. However, it can be detrimental in several ways. To my way of thinking, a country should seek to develop its tourism industry because it can bring steady jobs to many people without their need for higher education and without the risk of environmental damages. 6