The Gender Index Gender Inequality in Israel 217 Hagar Tzameret-Kertcher Hanna Herzog Naomi Chazan Yulia Basin Ronna Brayer-Garb Hadass Ben Eliyahu
2 The Gender Index The Gender Index is an innovative tool developed by WIPS The Center for the Advancement of Women in the Public Sphere at the Van Leer Jerusalem Institute, which serves to evaluate gender inequality in Israel across a spectrum of fields over time. The Gender Index is based on the calculation of gender inequality in Israel in key domains: education, the labor market, gendered segregation of professions, poverty, power, media and culture, health, violence against women, time and family status; as well as gender inequality in the periphery and gender inequality in Arab society in Israel. Every year the Index is developed and expanded. The Gender Index addresses issues of diversity and social structures of inequality by looking at the intersections of gender with ethnicity and graphical location. The Gender Index is a tool for decision-makers in the government and the public institutions. Magnitude of Inequality The calculation of the magnitude of inequality enables us to identify in which area the gender gap is the greatest and in which the smallest. Political and Economic Power 56.5% 3 Education Labor Market Gendered Segregation of Professions Poverty Gendered Segregation of Professions 4.7% Power Media and Culture Family Status Time Poverty 32.1% Arab Society 46% The Labor Market 28.7% Violence against Women Health Arab Society Throughout the booklet women are marked in gray and men in black. Periphery Time 12.9% Education.3% Periphery 26.7%
4 Continuous Gender Gap in All Areas of Life In most areas of life the gender gap is maintained in favor of men. In some areas the gender gap even increases over time. 5 Labor Market Participation Rates, by Gender Average Monthly Income of Self-Employed Women and Men 59.1% 69.3% 8 4 12, 8, 4, 7,914 11,71 1995 24 Average Monthly Salary, by Gender (NIS) Number of Part-Time Workers, by Gender 12, 6, 554,395 7,666 11,219 8, 4, 3, 257,324 1996 1995
6 Continuous Gender Gap in All Areas of Life 7 number of Women and Men Knesset Members Popular Singers in Song Charts, by Gender 33 87 12 8 4 1 5 17.8% 82.2% 217 1995 24 Number of CEOs, by Gender Women and Men in News Coverage 39,784 5, 9 76% 7,279 25, 6 3 24% 23 25
8 Education and Employment More and more women are acquiring higher education and expanding their fields of study. However, structural and cultural obstacles limit their ability to translate these achievements into improvements in the labor market and in attaining power positions. 9 Rate of Those with 13-15 Years of Education Gender Inequality in Professions 23.8% 2.9% 3 15% Hi-Tech 184,98 Care Professions 181,147 Teaching Professions 233,767 Law Health Professions Architecture and Engineering 1995 14,627 13,655 69,422 21,783 26,648 36,73 26,722 27,478 86,569 Rate of Those with 16+ Years of Education Gendered Segregation in Professions and in Higher Education 26% 26% 3 24.5% 43% Fields of Employment 15% 1995 Gendered Segregation in Higher Education Gendered Segregation in Employment Fields of Education
1 Precarious Employment Precarious Employment refers to employment that is poorly paid, insecure, unprotected, and cannot support a household. A gendered perspective on this topic reveals that women, in Israel and around the world, are more exposed to precarious patterns of employment. 11 Number of Employees who Hold More than One Job, by Gender 27% 156,46 18, 15% 116,935 12, 6, 24 Precarious Employment in the European Union The figures are based on the following indicators: few working hours, low pay and low job security. (EIGE, 217) Rate of Employees Who Earn Less Than the Minimum Wage, by Gender Rate of Employees who receive Less Than 12 Monthly Salaries during one year, by Gender 35% 6 45% 35.8% 31.4% 21% 4 2 15% 24 24
12 Work-Family Balance Women are still primarily responsible for care of family members and house work. This is Invisible Work which is unrecognized and unpaid, but functions as a barrier for women from full and equal participation in the labor market and the public sphere. 13 5 Average number of children per family by population group Muslim Women Jewish Women Christian Women Druze Women 76.3 Invisible Work: the number of weekly hours dedicated to household work and care work 64.2 5.5 42.9 3 21.3 25.8 1 1996 Total number of working hours: paid and unpaid work Number of hours of care and household work (unpaid) Number of hours of paid work (ISSP, 212) 25% Women Working Part-Time Due to Home-Making 4 Women Unemployed Due to Home-Making 2, Heads of Single-Parent Families, by Gender 149,9 15% 2 1, 18, 5% 1996 1996 2
14 Vulnerability 15 Women on the whole are poorer than men and are more exposed to gender-based violence. These facts affect their presence and positions in the public sphere. Number of New Calls to Rape Crisis Centers Incidence of Poverty after Transfer Payments and Taxes, by Gender 1, 3 18.4% 17% 9,197 4,154 5, 2 1996 1996 1 1999 Feeling of Safety While Walking in the Street, by Gender Recipients of Income Support, by Gender 6 84% 1 14, 77,86 49,893 5 7, 24 24
16 Economic and Political Power Key positions of power in the political and economic arenas are still largely held by men. 17 83% Government Ministers, by gender Senior Managerial Positions, by Gender 1,835 17% Senior Academic Faculty, by gender (Full Professors, ) 3 2 1 1995 14, 7, 23 62,88 Women in Parliaments around the World, 217 Heads of Local Municipalities, by Gender Spain 39% Poland 28% 251 3 U.S.A 19% Israel 27% 2 India 12% 6 216 1 24 Chile 16% The World Bank, Updated to November 217 Rwanda 64%
18 Diversity among Women In order to fully understand the lives and perspectives of different women we also have to consider their ethnic and national identities, their economic status, geographic location, and exposure to violence. The intersection between gender and other social factors creates many differences among women, and points to the more disadvantaged groups. Thus, the average monthly wage of Arab women is significantly lower than that of Arab men and that of Jewish women. Women in the geographic periphery earn less than men in these locations and less than women in the center. Geographic and Economic Periphery The periphery domain combines the distance from the center of the country and the socio-economic ranking of local municipalities. Average Monthly Salary in the Center and the Periphery 19 Labor Market Participation, by Gender 64% 7 Periphery 4,42 NIS 27% 35% 23 General Population 11,219 NIS General Population 7,666 NIS 8,11 Average Monthly Salary in Arab Society in Israel, by Gender 4,561 Arab Jewish 4,561 6,564 8, Average Monthly Salary of Jewish and Arab Women 4, Periphery 7,34 NIS 24
2 Policy Recommendations 1 Using 32 4 5 Setting measurable objectives for reducing gender gaps in various fields and achieving significant change within a decade gender mainstreaming strategies to ensure equal representation for women and men in decision-making at all levels Promoting legislation that will ensure systematic data collection by gender Rethinking the gendered structure of the labor market to address the need for work-family balance (including altering the work patterns of men, rearranging responsibilities and rethinking time distribution between men and women in the home) Reconceptualizing and recalculating national accounts to reflect the activities and economic contributions of the invisible work of women The Level of Inequality Over the Years The level of gender inequality remained largely stable between 24 and 21. Since 211, the level of inequality was slightly reduced, but this was due more to the worsening in various aspects of men's employment than to the advancement in the state of women. Inequality 1.2 1.15 1.1 1.5 1..95.9.85 1.8 Equality 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 214 The Van Leer Jerusalem Press, 217 Design: Yael Katzeer, katzeery@gmail.com Printiv Press Jerusalem 21.89
The Center for the Advancement of Women in the Public Sphere (WIPS) at the Van Leer Jerusalem Institute is committed to gender mainstreaming as an overall strategy for promoting the democratic and civil status of women in diverse social groups. Through its focus on transforming the issue of gender inequality into a general social worldview that relates to both women and men and to all social structures, the WIPS center aims to make gender equality an inseparable part of the thought and action of legislators and decision makers in various areas. WIPS conducts research, promotes strategic thinking, and initiates projects and programs in areas relevant to implementing gender mainstreaming and gender equality in Israel. The founders of WIPS seek to make it a framework that brings together women s organizations, feminist activists, researchers, legislators, and decision makers, so that their dialogue and sharing of ideas will serve as a source of knowledge, guidance, and experience for anyone interested in promoting gender equality and gender mainstreaming in Israel. The development and publication of the Gender Index was made possible by generous donations from the following foundations: רחוב ז'בוטינסקי 43, ירושלים 9141, ת"ד 47, טל 2-565222; פקס 2-5619293 43 Jabotinsky St., Jerusalem 9141, P.O.B. 47, Tel. 972-2-565222, Fax. 972-2-5619293 شارع جابوتنسكي 43 القدس 914 ص. ب. 47 تلفون: 2-565222 فاكس: 2-5619293 vanleer@vanleer.org.il www.vanleer.org.il