Constitutional Era Washington & Adams Federalist Era SOL: VUS. 6A
SWBAT The student will apply social science skills to understand the development of the American political system by: a) examining founding documents to explore the development of American constitutional government, with emphasis on the Virginia Declaration of Rights and the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom in the framing of the Bill of Rights; b) describing the major compromises necessary to produce the Constitution of the United States, with emphasis on the roles of James Madison and George Washington;
SWBAT The student will apply social science skills to understand the development of the American political system by : c) assessing the arguments of Federalists and Anti- Federalists during the ratification debates in defense of the principles and issues that led to the development of political parties d) evaluating the impact of John Marshall s precedent-setting decisions that established the Supreme Court as an independent and equal branch of the national government.
George Washington The Precedent President
Washington 1 st to take office 1 st to create a cabinet 1 st to amend the Constitution 1 st to enforce laws 1 st to create treaties 1 st to say goodbye
Washington chooses experts to advise him: Cabinet Position Secretary of State Treasury Secretary Attorney General Secretary of War Person Thomas Jefferson Alexander Hamilton Edmund Randolph Henry Knox
Judiciary Act 1789 Created the national court system Including the Supreme Court
1-9: Guaranteed the rights of? Individuals 10 th : Reserved powers of the? States Bill of Rights
Financial Debate Alexander Hamilton s Plan 1) National government to take on & repay debt of states & Confederation 2) Create a national bank 3) Create Taxes to pay off debt & protect industry
Tariff Act of 1789 the act remains significant for setting the basics of U.S. trade policy. In supporting its enactment, Alexander Hamilton argued that tariffs would encourage domestic industry. Other nations offered their industries significant subsidies, or money given by a government to support a private business. Hamilton contended that a tariff would protect U.S. industry from the effects of these subsidies.(www.enotes.com/tariff1789)
Opposition to Hamilton s Plan Who gets paid? Original Bond Holders Speculators Is the National Bank legal? No: Not in the Constitution Yes: Implied Power
Implied Power Constitution: Congress must do whatever is necessary & proper to do its job Called the Elastic Clause Stretches the Constitution
Opposition to Hamilton s Plan Plan hurts farmers - Protective Tariffs - Excise Taxes - an indirect tax (taxes paid at purchase gasoline) - Assumption of state debt hurts South more than North
Whiskey Rebellion - 1791 Pennsylvania Farmers - Upset over tax on whiskey - Attack federal courthouses and tax collectors - Washington calls out the army to crush the rebellion Federal government flexes its muscles (Insures Domestic Tranquility)
Political Parties Develop Federalists Democratic- Republicans Leaders Hamilton Jefferson Parties Economy Manufacturing Agriculture Interpret Constitution Loose Strict Section Support Northeast South Govt Strong Central govt State Govt Bank Support BUS No BUS
Washington s Foreign Policy America adopts a policy of NEUTRALITY during European wars
Treaties To avoid war with Great Britain Washington sent Chief Justice John Jay to London to negotiate. In the Jay Treaty the British gave up their forts in America, but kept their restrictions on U.S. shipping and required Americans to repay prewar debts to Britain The Jay Treaty avoided war.
Treaties The U.S. also signed a treaty with Spain The Pinckney Treaty allowed Americans free shipping on the Mississippi and access to New Orleans. The removal of the forts and secure access to New Orleans allowed westward movement by settlers. By selling land to these settlers, the federal government gained revenue to help pay off the national debt.
Goodbye Washington s Farewell: Advice: Avoid creation of: Political Parties Foreign Alliances Sectionalism
What do I have to know Identify: Tariff of 1789, Hamilton s Plan, Bank of the United States, Whiskey Rebellion Explain the purpose of Hamilton s plan and why people opposed it. What caused the Whiskey Rebellion? What political parties developed during this time and what were their characteristics.
New President: Problems: Quasi-War: Undeclared War Cause: XYZ Affair
XYZ Affair The Jay Treaty had offended the French as a betrayal. To show their irritation, the French began seizing American merchant ships. Adams sent envoys to negotiate peace. Three French officials demanded humiliating terms including $250,000 in bribes.
XYZ Affair Adams told the papers but called the French officials, XYZ. This upset the public and allowed Adams to expand the army and authorized a small navy. This war fever was exploited by the Federalists and they passed the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798. Immigrants who criticized the federal government could be arrested and deported.
War between the Political Parties Alien & Sedition Act Why Aliens? Favored Democratic- Republicans Sedition Act violated: Freedom of Speech
Republican Response: Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions: States can declare laws unconstitutional NULLIFICATION
Election of 1800 Thomas Jefferson v. John Adams Democratic-Republican v. Federalist Revolution of 1800 Peaceful transfer of power from one political party to another
ELECTORAL VOTES ELECTION OF 1800 ELECTORAL COLLEGE 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Votes 73 73 65 64 1
Election of 1800 Aaron Burr Meant to be Jefferson Vice-President Election is a tie Election decided by the House of Reps. Jefferson wins Result 12 th Amendment Electoral College has TWO votes One vote for President One vote for Vice President
Impact of the election of 1800: Peaceful transfer of power between political parties
Thomas Jefferson Born: April 13, 1743- July 4, 1826 Years in office: 1801-1809 Number of President: 3 rd Political Party: Democratic- Republicans Vice President(S): Aaron Burr/George Clinton Significant positions held: Secretary of State, Vice President, and Governor of Virginia. Wrote Declaration of Independence
Jeffersonian Democracy Political Party: Democratic Republican Constitutional Interpretation: Strict Pro - Farmer States Rights
Government Philosophy Laissez Faire: Leave it alone Goal: Smaller Government Reduce Debt Eliminate Whiskey Tax Reduce Army Size
Judicial Controversy + What were they? Judges put in place by John Adams before he left the Presidency How did T.J. deal with them? Unsuccessfully tried to impeach them
Marbury vs Madison Case: Midnight Judge sues for his job John Marshall Chief Justice of Supreme Court What was the big deal? Established the precedent of judicial review
Judicial Review Empowers the Supreme Court to decide if a law is constitutional or unconstitutional
Marbury v. Madison (1803) Supreme Court Case Chief Justice John Marshall (Federalist) Established Judicial Review Power of the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional JUDICIAL REVIEW COMES FROM THIS COURT CASE. IT IS NOT FOUND IN THE CONSTITUTION
Louisiana Purchase United States offered $ 10 million to France for New Orleans French Response: France offered the entire Louisiana Territory for $15 million dollars Why? Napoleon needed money for his war in Europe
Jefferson s Dilemma Does the Constitution grant the President the power to purchase Land? Constitution Does not say anything
Jefferson s Dilemma Democratic- Republican Believed in a weak central government believed in strict construction of the Constitution (the President only had the powers listed in the Constitution)
Loose vs. Strict Construction Loose Construction- gov t can make laws not written in the Constitution. = Increased Power Strict Construction- gov t can only do what is written in the Constitution = Decreased Power
Jefferson s Conflict: Farm land VS Constitutional Power Decision: Accepts a loose interpretation of the Constitution to make the land purchase
The new United States border shifts from the Mississippi River to the: Rocky Mountains
Louisiana Purchase Doubled the size of the US They gain control of the Mississippi River and Port at New Orleans which is important for trade The price was only 5 million more than they had asked for New Orleans alone
Lewis & Clark Leaders of the fact finding expedition of the new territory Sacagawea: Indian princess who serves as a guide to the explorers
International Problems VS Impressment: Forced service of U.S. Sailors into the British Navy
Jefferson s Response British attacks angered America: T.J. s Response: Embargo Act of 1807
Embargo Act Problem: France and Britain seizing U.S. ships. Impressment of sailors Response: No trade with foreign countries Reasons for the success or failure of Jefferson's response: Failure. American farmers and merchants lose money. Economy goes into recession. Does avoid war
Barbary Wars Pirates from North African countries capture ships in the Mediterranean Demand payments to leave ships alone Navy is sent to protect ships Undeclared war 1801-1805
Nort h Ame rica Jefferson sent a navy to the the shores of Tripoli to intimidate the piratesponsoring Barbary States From the Halls of Montezuma to the shores of Tripoli, we will fight our country s battles on the land and on the sea. The Marines Hymn Barbary Coast (the shores of Tripoli) Afric a
What do I have to know? What were T.J. s belief on the size of government? How did he go about achieving his results? Who were the midnight judges? How did Jefferson attempt to deal with them? Explain the significance of Marbury vs Madison. What precedent did it set? Who was the Chief Justice who presided over the event.
Jefferson s Presidency What caused Napoleon to sell the Louisiana Territory to the United States? What issues did T.J. have with the sale? What was the significance of the deal? Who were Lewis, Clark, and Sacagawea? What problems did American sailors have with Europe during this time? How did T.J. attempt to deal with this issue?
4 th President of the United States Little Man with Big Brain
Major Issues 1808-1812
Causes Of the War of 1812 Impressment of American Sailors Indian raids in the North West America s treatment of loyalist after the Revolutionary War British retaining their forts in North America after the Revolutionary War Desire for Canada
Impressment of U.S. Sailors Great Britain would kidnap our sailors The main cause of the War of 1812
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Indian Raids in the North West Several Indian tribes were unified in a war against the United States. The Indians would raid small country towns and then retreat to the British forts where we couldn t kill them. Added to our resentment for the British retaining their forts
Causes
Treatment of Loyalist The 1783 Treaty of Paris stipulated that we would return loyalist property The U.S. government refused to return seized loyalist property Made British angry
British Forts in the United States The 1783 Treaty of Paris stipulated that all British holdings would be forfeited to the United States Government. It wasn t and the British held on to their forts. Indians launched attacks from the British Forts We wanted to control all of our land
Want of Canadian Land This was a minor cause of the War of 1812 Some Americas wanted more room to expand into. Mainly for farming and agriculture
Battle of Tippecanoe Indian Chief: Tecumseh U.S. Leader: William Henry Harrison Fight over American movement into the frontier
Indians flee to Canada
Attempts to avoid war Jay Treaty 1795- Washington sent Supreme Court Justice John Jay to negotiate a truce and stop Impressment Treaty of Greenville 1795- Set up boundaries between the U.S. and Indian land. Monroe-Pinkney Treaty 1806- A treaty that tried to stabilize relations between the U.S. and Great Britain but was never ratified by Congress.
War Hawks American Politicians who wanted to go to war Henry Clay- Speaker of the House John C. Calhoun James Madison ran on a pro war campaign
Not important for the SOL, but just in case look at the map Battles
Dolly Madison The British soldiers burn Washington D.C. including the White House Not a historically accurate Picture Dolly Madison saved a picture of George Washington when the White House was set on fire.
Burning of Washington DC British destroy American capitol Also Not historically accurate Picture
Ft. McHenry
Battle of Fort McHenry,1814 Oh Say Can You See By the Dawn s Early Light -- Francis Scott Key
Francis Scott Key Was on board a British ship during a bombardment on Fort McHenry Was inspired by the American resolve and wrote the words to the Star Spangled Banner
Treaty of Ghent December 24, 1814 Not an inch gained, nor an inch lost
Battle of New Orleans Fought after the peace treaty signed January 8, 1815 Made a hero out of Andrew Jackson Let him wave the bloody shirt in his presidential elections
Battle of New Orleans
Events during the War Failed Invasion of Canada White House is burned to the ground Star Spangled Banner is written Battle of New Orleans fought after war is technically over
Effects of the War of 1812
Effects of the War of 1812 Nationalism increased Proved our independence Second War for Independence Federalist Party was Destroyed North East manufacturing was able to grow
The War of 1812 is one of the forgotten wars of the United States. The war lasted for over two years, and while it ended much like it started; in stalemate; it was in fact a war that once and for all confirmed American Independence. Our 2 nd War for Independence. How did the War of 1812 confirm our independence?
What do I have to know? What were the causes of the war of 1812? Explain the importance of the Battle of Fort McHenry to American tradition? What made the Battle of New Orleans so unique? Who emerged from War of 1812 as our greatest military hero? What was the Treaty of Ghent? What was the biggest, most lasting impact of the War of 1812?