Chapter 11 Election of 1800 1st with two national parties Adams (Federalist) v. Jefferson(Republican) again Problems for the Federalists Alien & Sedition Acts Hamilton & Adams hated each other Adams refusal to fight with France War preparations caused more debt Election of 1800 - Results Jefferson & his V.P. running mate Aaron Burr tied Burr wanted the Presidency Election went to the House of Reps. Jefferson won with the help of Hamilton Aaron Burr Thomas Jefferson 1
Revolution of 1800 Thomas Jefferson said that this was a Revolution Was a return to the ideals of the Revolution We are all Federalists, we are all Republicans Was the first Prez. from a different political party and everyone accepted it - BIG! Jefferson Political Theory? Democratic Republican Beliefs Pro-France Pro-Farmer / Anti-business Anti-debt Anti-large military (army/navy) Anti-Hamilton (funding, assumption, tariff, excise tax, bank) Jefferson the Realist Hamilton told Federalists that Jefferson would probably calculate what will be likely to promote his own reputation and advantage result (of this) is the preservation of systems. Which could not be overturned without danger to the person who did it. Acutely sensitive to criticism Jefferson did not lack courage but the spirit that makes a political fight bearable. Jefferson lacked the doctrinaire s compulsion to be consistent 2
Jefferson Political Theory? How did he have time to write his landmark works on human liberty? Jefferson as President Was forced to revise many of his principles Dismissed very few Federalists from office (spoils??) Pardoned those convicted by the Alien & Sedition Act His party s unity fell apart - why? Jefferson as President Only part of Hamilton s program he touched was the excise tax - the rest stayed New Sec. of the Treasury - Albert Gallatin Reduced the debt and balanced the budget Left Hamilton s program intact (except the excise tax) meant lost revenue Albert Gallatin 3
Judiciary Act of 1801 Passes by Lame Duck Federalist Congress Created 16 new federal judgeships John Adams signed three judges commissions on his last day in office - the Midnight Judges One was named William Marbury Marbury was not given his commission MARBURY V. MADISON Marbury sued the Sec. Of State James Madison to get his commission The new Chief Justice dismissed the suit Stated that the part of the Jud. Act of 1789 Marbury was suing on the basis of was unconstitutional HUGE - first time a law was found unconstitutional Power of judicial review goes to the courts Jefferson and the Pirates TJ had reduced the size of the army to 2,500 men Barbary Pirates go on the attack again & declare war on the U.S. We fought and did very well didn t have to pay anymore 4
Louisiana Problem Napoleon got Spain to cede the Louisiana Territory to France in 1800 Spain wasn t a threat, Napoleon was The U.S. could not defeat him alone (need the British) 1803 - TJ sent James Monroe & Robert Livingston to France To try to buy New Orleans and as much land east of the Miss. River as possible Could spend up to $10 million Louisiana Purchase Napoleon decided to sell the territory Needed $ to attack G.B. Offered the whole area for $15 million Monroe & Livingston said okay Too good to pass up Would double the size of the United States Monroe Napoleon Livingston Jefferson s Louisiana Dilemma Strict constructionist vs. pragmatist? Got the Senate to vote on it before Napoleon changed his mind They quickly approved Doubled the size of the U.S. without bloodshed Thomas Jefferson 5
Lewis & Clark Lewis & Clark 1804 - Lewis & Clark explored this new area Traveled up the Missouri & Columbia Rivers Lots of great information Maps, Indians Set out the path for the Oregon Trail Aaron Burr - How crazy was he? Was dropped as TJ s V.P. in 1804 Helped try to plan the secession of New England Killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel Moved west and planned to separate the Louisiana Territory into a new nation Would then invade Florida & Mexico Was exposed and tried for treason Acquitted & fled to Europe The Duel Problems with Britain TJ re-elected in 1804 Europe was at war again British controlled the sea, French the land British issued the Orders in Council Closed European ports under French control unless ships stopped in G.B. first Napoleon responded by ordering the seizure of all ships that entered British ports 6
Problems with Britain Problems get bigger over the issue of impressment Practice of stopping ships and forcing their crews to serve on British naval vessels 6,000 Americans were impressed 1807 - U.S.S. Chesapeake British commander stopped a U.S. Navy vessel and demanded 4 alleged deserters U.S. commander refused and was fired upon - 3 dead, 18 wounded Jefferson s Response Many called for war with Britain U.S. in no position to fight a war - weak military Jefferson decided on the Embargo Act The U.S. would not trade with any other nation both sides supposedly relied too much on U.S. trade and would lift their trade restrictions effects horrible for the economy and revived the Federalists End of the Embargo Congress repealed the Embargo Act in 1809 The U.S. reopened trade with every country except G.B. and France (Non-Intercourse Act) Why did the Embargo Act fail? Underestimated British resolve Overestimated British & French dependence on the U.S. Latin America opened its ports for trade and filled the gap left by the U.S. embargo 7
James Madison TJ left after 2 terms James Madison elected president Inherited the problems with the British Orders in Council Impressment Selling weapons to Native Americans James Madison End of U.S. Neutrality Non-Intercourse Act 1809 (Jefferson) The U.S stopped trade with G.B. & France but opened trade with all other countries Expired in 1811 Macon s Bill #2 - passed as a replacement If one side lifted its restrictions we would reopen trade with them Napoleon did this and Madison was forced to re-open trade - ended our neutrality 8