Victorian: during the reign of Queen Victoria, or someone who shares the values of that period

Victorian: during the reign of Queen Victoria, or someone who shares the values of that period

The Province of Canada: now Canada East and Canada West

After the Rebellions of 1837, there was a big increase of immigrants to Canada East and Canada West Most were from Britain, and now English speakers greatly outnumbered French

How do you think these new immigrants wanted to live? How do you think the French felt?

Queen Victoria: ruled from 1837-1901 Victorians: people who lived during her rule Britain was the world s only superpower Victorians thought their empire and culture was superior and exclusive

After 1840, most people were middle class: Not upper class, but still wealthy But many were still very poor The lived in tiny homes and apartments They worked many hours and were not paid well Everyone in a family must work There was no government assistance for them (employment insurance, welfare, health care)

New immigrants to Canada from Ireland and Scotland entered this social class They were poor, had little education They worked in manual labour or on the poor farms They had more opportunity in Canada than in Europe, but life was still hard

Almost everyone went to church Almost everyone were Christian: Catholic, Anglican, Presbyterian, Methodist People followed what the church told them to do about education, community matters, voting

During Queen Victoria s time, everyone followed her tastes, values, and behaviour: Morals Hard work Personal Success Modesty Seriousness Duty

The British Empire grew stronger, especially the Navy There were many new discoveries in science, technology, and medicine

Social class and status were extremely important: Occupation (job), family background, wealth Immigrants came to Canada to escape European class system, but it was too similar here

They worried about behaviour and sin But they were very materialistic : They spent money on clothes, accessories, jewellery, homes, furniture Lots of money was spent on beautiful churches, funerals, gravestones

Immigration into the Canadas allowed the government to force Native into reserves Reserves: Land given to First Nations by the Canadian government. Only a fraction of their former land

In the reserves, they suffered greatly from disease, poverty, other social problems Why?

Native culture had a close relationship with the land, the earth Many Native communities were based on hunting, fishing, travelling with the season (Nomadic) The government forced them to live on farms, in houses The change was difficult and caused many problems

Land buyers asked the government to sell them the best land They tried to make the government let them take the land that was given to the Natives with treaties Some bands were so poor, they had no choice but to sell their land

In 1857 the Province of Canada passed the Gradual Civilization Act It was a plan by the government to assimilate the Aboriginal Peoples by making them citizens of Canada They would lose their protected status as First Nations and their agreements could be cancelled This is called Enfranchisement

Victorian British saw Natives as uncivilized, and childlike, noble savage (page 96) This term and opinion is considered racist now

These problems, and more problems we will learn about, destroyed some of First Nations culture The act of trying to destroy a culture is known as cultural genocide We can still see the damage today on First Nations communities

Compare the situations of the Algonkians, the Ojibwa, and the Mohawks in adjusting to a European system and lifestyle. Prepare a THESIS PARAGRAPGH for the following question, using the information on page 58-59. What was the Canadian government s approach to dealing with land conflicts with Native groups

Structure it like this: Thesis: Read through the information, and develop an ARGUMENT statement to answer the question. List 3 main points that support your argument

The Fathers of Confederation

Confederation: the British Colonies joining to form The Dominion of Canada Provinces in 1867: Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia

1870 1898 1999 Nunavut 1949 1867 1871 1905 1905 1870 1867 1867 1873 1867

Remember After the 1837 Rebellions, Lord Durham suggested joining Upper and Lower Canada In 1840, Lord Sydenham joined them in the Act of Union

Durham also suggested Responsible Government for the colonies. British people did not like the idea (British people) Britain The Chateau Clique The Family Compact

Why didn t they want responsible government? The idea of colonies controlling their own government was new Would it make the British Empire weak? Would it make America and France stronger? Would the leaders be too inexperienced? Would it make the economy weak?

The Corn Laws Britain had a large population that needed lots of grain Colonies of Britain paid lower tariffs than other countries when they sold wheat to Britain This law was cancelled in 1846

This made the Canadian colonies go into an economic depression Maybe joining Confederation would help the colonies economy? To reach Confederation, responsible government would be needed

James Bruce: Lord Elgin

In 1846, Lord Elgin (Lord Durham s son-inlaw) became Governor General of Canada His job was to make responsible government in the colonies of Canada It was too expensive for Britain to continue to govern, defend, and economically support the colonies If Canada had some democracy, maybe they would not have a revolution (like in America)

After the Rebellions of 1837, many people s property was damaged Lord Elgin signed the Rebellion Losses Bill in 1849 The bill gave tax money to people in Canada East who lost property during the rebellions even some rebels! A similar plan happened in Canada West

After Elgin signed the bill, English speakers in Montreal were furious! They attacked Lord Elgin s carriage with rocks and rotten eggs.

They burned the Parliament Buildings They published the Annexation Manifesto: a plan to allow America to take over Canada

Many people in the colonies did NOT want Confederation for 3 reasons: 1: The Colonies might lose their Independence A central government in Canada East or West would control military, taxes, immigration, etc. Before confederation, the other colonies decided these things directly with Britain

2: The colonies did not feel close with each other French Canadians: The Maritime Colonies (far eastern side) had closer ties with Britain and eastern America.

3: The idea of Confederation came from the top (powerful people) It would cost a lot of money from taxes

Who was not asked for their choice???

After the Act of Union and before Confederation in 1867, Canada was The Province of Canada Other Colonies were separate and independent, but the people who lived there were still British subjects

Many people thought the colonies should join the Province of Canada in Confederation Why?

Most of the West was sparsely populated The Hudson s Bay owned most of the territory (Rupert s Land) Supporters of Confederation wanted to control the West so that America couldn t take it

Manifest Destiny was the belief that The United States of America would control all of North America Manifest: clear and evident Destiny: Impossible to prevent American politicians talked a lot about this belief

America even invaded Canada twice, during the American Revolution and the War of 1812 The small colonies of the West could not defend against an American invasion, but America probably wouldn't attack a united country

1861-1865 Northern United States fought with Southern United States, the North won

Britain supported the Southern States with warships and money Sometimes soldiers of the South attack the Northern States by travelling through Canada If the North attacked Canada, they would probably win (they had more soldiers than the entire population of Canada)

The Province of Canada had many political problems The government had many independent politicians If enough of these politicians voted against a bill, the government would fall

The government of Canada was always made up of several parties: a coalition If one party left, the government would fall This led to severe inaction by the government Maybe Confederation would make the political situation better

A political party is formed to attract people with similar ideas and goals, and to try to achieve those ideas and goals In 19 th Century Canada, political parties represented English and French Canadians, but not Native Canadians Party Platform: The political party s main goals

Led by Louis Joseph Papineau It represented French speaking farmers business people and It was very anti-english

Led by Georges Etienne Cartier Focused on economic development and protection of French Language and culture Less radical than the Parti Rouge Had support of the Catholic Church Willing to work with Canada West

Led by George Brown Wanted more democracy, fought against corruption in Canada Anti-French Brown used his newspaper The Globe to spread his views

They wanted representation by population: Elected politicians were members of the Legislative Assembly The number of members representing an electoral region (riding) should be decided by population This was not popular with the French Canadians

Led by John A. MacDonald (he would become Canada s first Prime Minister) He was less democratic, but a very smart politician (and heavy drinker) He joined his party with the Parti Bleu

The new party was called The Liberal Conservatives This was an important step towards Confederation Before Confederation Canada needed a double majority to pass new laws: - both Canada East and Canada West legislatures had to have a majority vote Now they could pass new laws more easily

Besides the political pressures, there were also many economic pressures for Confederation Trade barriers and tariffs between colonies would be lifted

The port in Montreal would freeze in winter and become unusable Halifax, in the Maritime colonies, had a port that could be open in winter Montreal, Quebec Halifax, Nova Scotia

Also, a railway could be built all the way to British Columbia We will learn much more about this later

But it would be difficult to negotiate the terms of Confederation John A. MacDonald wanted more power for the central government, and less for the provinces Federal vs. Provincial

Both colonies were rich and self-sufficient in the 1860s The population was English, Acadians, Scots, Irish, and Mi kmaq and Maliseet Nations Some were British and Black Loyalists who escaped the American Revolution

Both colonies had large, busy ports They both had responsible government already They were independent, self-sufficient, and wealthy. So why would they want Confederation?

Some people did want Confederation: It would bring security The railway could create larger markets for their products They could stay loyal to England It could protect them from Fenian attacks (more on that in a minute) Economic Factors

The United States ended reciprocity: a free trade agreement between the United States and British colonies Reciprocity had helped the colonies when Britain had removed the laws

In the Maritimes, the building of wooden ships was vital to the economy Ships were now being built with steel

The Fenians were an Irish organization who wanted to get revenge on England for being treated badly in Europe In America, former civil war soldiers who were Fenians attacked Canada and the Maritimes

Their attacks convinced many colonists in the Maritimes that the American threat was real This helped the argument for Confederation

Joseph Howe: Newspaper writer, publisher, politician John A. Macdonald: Leader of the Tories, then the Liberal Conservatives, then the first Prime Minister of Canada List Howe s points against Confederation and MacDonald s points for Confederation in a T-Chart

The cancelling of the Corn Laws The cost of governing Canada The American Threat The Fenian Raids The Promise of Better Government Economic factors

How did these factors affect Maritime provinces? Explain in a paragraph. In your opinion, should the Maritimes have joined Confederation?

Confederation needed agreements from Canada and the other colonies The first conference was held at Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island (PEI), in September 1864

The leaders of Confederation, The Great Coalition, convinced Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island that Confederation could work They decided to have another Conference in Quebec to work on the details

In October 1864, the group met again The talked about the powers of the federal government, the powers of the provinces, and how to protect the French language and culture What is missing?

In the end, much power was given to the provinces John A. MacDonald didn t like this, but he had to agree

Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia agreed to Confederation Britain needed to agree, and they passed the British North America Act This created the Dominion of Canada July 1 st is a holiday: Canada Day

Canada became a country peacefully, not like the United States of America Canada still recognized the British monarch as the supreme authority (highest power)

Darcy Magee was a member of the Canadian government and worked to make Confederation

He was assassinated (killed) by Patrick J.Whelan, a Fenian Did he really do it???

The Executive Branch The most powerful part, the core of the government The Legislative Branch They vote on laws The Judicial Branch Judicial: Justice They deal with crime

The Prime Minister The Leader of the Political Party with the most elected people The Cabinet People who control parts of government Chosen by the Prime Minister

Civil Service Civilian employees of the government The Governor General Chosen by the Monarch of Canada, the representative of the king or queen of England

The Senate The Upper House Chosen by the Prime Minister The House of Commons The Lower House Members are elected Political parties

The Supreme Court The Federal Court