AFRICA: Vital to U.S. Security? Terrorism &Transnational Threats-Causes & Enablers Briefing for NDU Symposium Ms. Theresa Whelan Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for African Affairs November 16, 2005 1
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Outline Sub-Saharan Threat Environment Problem of Ungoverned Space Ungoverned and Exploitable Areas CT Capacity vs. Governance Capacity Strategic Elements Defined DOD s Security Cooperation Examples 2
Sub-Saharan African Threat Environment Sub-Saharan Africa continues to face constant security, political and economic crises Government corruption is a major problem Many countries have limited or unreliable capacities for internal security, law enforcement, and border protection. This lack of governance capacity makes them attractive venues for the development of violent extremism, terrorism, and criminal activities. 3
Ungoverned and Exploitable Areas Physical Ungoverned and exploitable areas have physical and non-physical dimensions: Ungoverned territories: Rugged, remote, maritime, or littoral areas not effectively governed by a sovereign state Competing governance: A sovereign state s inability or unwillingness to exercise authority over part or whole of a country, e.g., Non-Physical Conditions where a government has made the political decision to relinquish authority over territory or the provision of essential functions (e.g., education, health) to actors that potentially threaten domestic or international order Situations in which incapacity or, in extreme cases, government collapse has allowed actors that potentially threaten domestic or international order to fill the governance void by controlling territory or providing basic governance functions Exploitation of legal principles: Areas in which legal norms and processes can be exploited by actors who threaten domestic or international order (e.g., speech and assembly rights, immigration and asylum laws) Opaque areas of activity: Areas created by the inability of a government to monitor or control certain illicit or facilitating transactions when they are conducted in4 a certain way (e.g., within cyber or financial systems)
CT Capacity vs. Governance Capacity Building partners CT capacity generally refers to improving police, military, administration of justice, financial regulation, intelligence, and border security Example: Bolstering economic and administrative capacity is needed to sustain security capacity Depending on context, focusing on only one area without regard for others may produce unintended and self-defeating consequences Elements of CT Capacity National Security Justice and Law Elements of Governance Capacity Economy and Admin. National Security Example: Building CT capacity without concern for political institutions may contribute to repression Building governance capacity requires understanding how various components of governance interact to be mutually reinforcing Pol. Inst. and Civil Soc. Justice and Law 5
Strategic Elements Defined Civil Control & Defense Reform Civil subordinated/appropriately sized and funded militaries with improved transparency and accountability for national security. Military Professionalism Institutionalization of training to develop and maintain a disciplined force, with a professional ethic, conducting legitimate national security missions with respect for law and human rights. Capacity Building Skilled, appropriately equipped and well-led African militaries that can help reduce ungoverned space by contributing positively to combating terrorism, controlling land and maritime space and work to prevent and to respond to crises, at both the national and subregional level. 6
CONCLUSION 7
African Security Cooperation Tools SECURITY ASSISTANCE IMET & E-IMET Foreign Military Financing Foreign Military Sales Excess Defense Articles Direct Commercial Sales Counter-Terrorism Fellowships HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE HAP-Excess Articles HAP-Civic Action Humanitarian Demining COMBINED TRAINING & EXERCISES JCET & FLINTLOCK Natural Fire Exercise Multi- & Bi-Lateral Exercises MEDFLAGs Disaster Assistance Training Maritime Training REGIONAL PEACEKEEPING TRAINING & EXERCISES OPERATIONAL ACTIVITIES Peacekeeping Operations Humanitarian Relief Ops Counter-Narcotics Ops Sanctions Enforcement Contingency Ops NEOs MIOs PKO Exercises ACOTA EPIC COMBINED EDUCATION ACSS Military Academies MIL-MIL CONTACT Multi- & Bi-Lateral Staff Talks Ship & Port Visits - WATCs GO-FO Visits Counterpart Visits Chaplain Program OTHER DOD ACTIVITIES Demobilization Civic Affairs Environmental Security 8