Happy Thursday! Warm-Up 3/29/18 Please have your essays out and ready to turn in; I will pick them up after the warm-up. In your journal, please WRITE and ANSWER the following question: Why was it so imperative that the U.S. offer funding to European countries looking to rebuild after World War II?
Announcements/Reminders Ch. 25 Key Terms (Due next Wednesday, 4/4/18) No School this Friday (3/30). Chapter 24-25 Test- Friday, April 13, 2018. Looking Ahead: U.S. History EOC Tuesday, May 8, 2018 DC U.S. History Final Exam (Lone Star)- Thursday, May 10, 2018
Chapter 23 Notes: The United States and the Cold War (1945-1953) Origins of the Cold War The Two Powers The United States emerged from World War II as by far the world's greatest power. The only power that in any way could rival the United States was the Soviet Union. The Roots of Containment It seems all but inevitable that the two major powers to emerge from the war would come into conflict. The Long Telegram advised the Truman administration that the Soviets could not be dealt with as a normal government. Containment Iron Curtain speech
The Truman Doctrine Truman soon determined to put the policy of containment into effect. To rally popular backing for Greece and Turkey, Truman rolled out the heaviest weapon in his rhetorical arsenalthe defense of freedom. The Truman Doctrine created the language through which most Americans came to understand the postwar world.
The Marshall Plan George Marshall pledged the United States to contribute billions of dollars to finance the economic recovery of Europe. The Marshall Plan offered a positive vision to go along with containment. The Marshall Plan proved to be one of the most successful foreign aid programs in history.
The Reconstruction of Japan Under the guidance of General Douglas MacArthur, the "supreme commander" in Japan until 1948, that country adopted a new, democratic constitution. The United States also oversaw the economic reconstruction of Japan.
Cold War Germany
The Berlin Blockade and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) In 1948, the Soviets cut off road and rail traffic from the American, British, and French zones of occupied Germany to Berlin. An eleven-month Allied airlift followed. In 1949, the Soviet Union tested its first atomic bomb. NATO pledged mutual defense against any future Soviet attack. Warsaw Pact
The Berlin Airlift (1948)
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
NATO vs. the Warsaw Pact
The Growing Communist Challenge Communists won the civil war in China in 1949. In the wake of these events, the National Security Council approved a call for a permanent military buildup to enable the United States to pursue a global crusade against communism. NSC-68
The Nationalist Party
The Communist Party
Mao Zedong and Joseph Stalin
The Korean War In June 1950, the North Korean army invaded the south, hoping to reunify the country under communist control. American troops did the bulk of the fighting on this first battlefield of the Cold War. General Douglas MacArthur
Before the Korean War
During the Korean War- September 1950
During the Korean War- November 1950
During the Korean War- January 1951
End of the Korean War
The Cold War and the Idea of Freedom Among other things, the Cold War was an ideological struggle, a battle, in a popular phrase of the 1950s, for the "hearts and minds" of people throughout the world. One of the more unusual Cold War battlefields involved American history and culture. The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) emerged as unlikely patrons of the arts.
Freedom and Totalitarianism Along with freedom, the Cold War's other great mobilizing concept was totalitarianism. Just as the conflict over slavery redefined American freedom in the nineteenth century, and the confrontation with the Nazis shaped understandings of freedom during World War II, the Cold War reshaped them once again.
The Rise of Human Rights The idea that rights exist applicable to all members of the human family originated during the eighteenth century in the Enlightenment and the American and French Revolutions. In 1948, the UN General Assembly approved the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Ambiguities of Human Rights Debates over the Universal Declaration of Human Rights revealed the tensions inherent in the idea of human rights. After the Cold War ended, the idea of human rights would play an increasingly prominent role in world affairs.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)
The Truman Presidency The Fair Deal Truman's first domestic task was to preside over the transition from a wartime to a peacetime economy. He moved to revive the stalled momentum of the New Deal. The Postwar Strike Wave The AFL and CIO launched Operation Dixie, a campaign to bring unionization to the South. Nearly 5 million workers went on strike.
The Republican Resurgence Republicans swept to control both houses of Congress in 1946. Congress turned aside Truman's Fair Deal program. Taft-Hartley Act Postwar Civil Rights Immediately after the war, the status of black Americans enjoyed a prominence in national affairs unmatched since Reconstruction. The Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947 added Jackie Robinson to their team.
To Secure These Rights A Commission on Civil Rights appointed by the president issued To Secure These Rights. It called on the federal government to abolish segregation and discrimination. In 1948, Truman presented an ambitious civil rights program to Congress. Truman desegregated the armed forces. The Democratic platform of 1948 was the most progressive in the party's history.
The Anticommunist Crusade The Cold War encouraged a culture of secrecy and dishonesty. At precisely the moment when the United States celebrated freedom as the foundation of American life, the right to dissent came under attack. Loyalty and Disloyalty Those who could be linked to communism were considered enemies of freedom. HUAC hearings against Hollywood began in 1947. The Spy Trials HUAC investigated Alger Hiss. The Rosenburgs were convicted of spying and executed in 1953.
Alger Hiss and the Rosenbergs
McCarthy and McCarthyism Senator Joseph McCarthy announced in 1950 that he had a list of 205 communists working for the State Department. McCarthy's downfall came with the nationally televised Army- McCarthy hearings in 1954. An Atmosphere of Fear Anticommunism was as much a local as a national phenomenon. Local anticommunist groups forced public libraries to remove "un-american" books from their shelves.
The Uses of Anticommunism Anticommunism had many faces and purposes. Anticommunism also served as a weapon wielded by individuals and groups in battles unrelated to defending the United States against subversion.
Duck and Cover