World History Chapter 24
Problem: How to bring stability & security back to Europe which was destroyed by the French Revolution & Napoleon Solution: Dominant 5 form an alliance (dominated by Russia, Prussia, Austria, England, and France)
Prince METTERNICH of Austria (very conservative) creates the solution 3 OUTCOMES: 1. Stop French aggression by surrounding it w/ newly made stronger countries 2. Restore all ROYAL families back to their thrones 3. Keep a BALANCE OF POWER in Europe: make sure no single country could grow strong enough to be dangerous to others
Conservative WHO: landowners, nobles want traditional monarchies; GOALS: status quo (ie. keep things the same) Liberal WHO: wealthy merchants, business owners want limited democracy; GOALS: gradual change Radical WHO: Poor (Farmers, urban poor) GOALS: believe in liberty, equality; want everyone to have a vote; drastic change
Nationalism A belief that strong devotion should be to a nation of people with common culture (esp. language & history), not to a king or empire Nation-state A place with an independent government where people with common interests live Liberals and radicals support nationalism; conservatives do not
Push (Bad): When a region, empire, country has many ethnic groups who are forced to live together rivalries may occur Voice in the government haves vs. have-nots economic strength Prejudices, discrimination, scapegoats... Can tear a region apart Pull (Good): When common goals are present within an ethnic group, nationalism can draw people to cooperate with each other to achieve those goals Common threat, natural disasters
Led by the strongest power in its group Diplomacy: making outside alliances very valuable in unification Nationalism: appeals to ethnic values of Italians and Germans War: both use war to achieve unification Geography: Unite like areas of North 1 st, then South Political Groups: Moderates don t lose out to Radicals; also completed at a gradual pace
Sardinia under King Emmanuel II is strongest Italian State and wants Italy unified Prime Minister Cavour Austria had stopped Italian unification so Cavour allies with France and defeats Austria in a war, RESULT: Unified N. Italy Giuseppe Garibaldi a freedom fighter who leads nationalists conquers S. Italy Cavour convinces Garibaldi to step aside, and allow King Emmanuel II to rule 1870 Papal States are defeated, Rome is taken, and Italy is unified and independent and finally ITALY IS UNIFIED NEXT
Right Leg in the Boot at Last
Prussia (strongest German state) under Prime Minister Bismark, takes lead in unifying German states Begins with the north - (Protestant, industrialized) Starts, and wins, a nationalistic war with France Southern German states - (Catholic, nonindustrialized) join Prussia 1871 Germany is born
Led by the strongest power in its group Diplomacy: making outside alliances very valuable in unification Nationalism: appeals to ethnic values of Italians and Germans War: both use war to achieve unification Geography: Unite like areas of North 1 st, then South Political Groups: Moderates don t lose out to Radicals; also completed at a gradual pace
In 1815 the Congress of Vienna established five equal powers in Europe: Austria, Prussia, Britain, France, and Russia By 1871, Britain and Prussia (now Germany) have gained significant power, upsetting balance of power ; will lead to unavoidable future conflicts: Colonies Military strength Political alliances
Artistic and intellectual movements both reflect and fuel changes in Europe during the 1800s.
Romanticism (early 1800s) Focus on nature, feelings, nationalism Simpler, better times, hearts & souls Wordsworth, Beethoven Realism (mid 1800s) Grim reality of life, protest conditions Charles Dickens, Great Expectations Camera invented Impressionism (late 1800s) Reaction against realism Light and colors to capture a moment Tries to set a mood, more imaginary
Romanticism Emotion Arts become part of middleclass life Nationalism Power & structure Patriotism & pride