AP United States History Study Guide Chapter 7 & 8: 1787-1820 v Louisiana purchase Ø 1800 France forces Spain to give up Louisiana Ø 1803 Napoleon focuses on Europe Ø Sells united states entire Louisiana territory Ø $15 million doubled land area of the country v Lewis and Clark expedition Ø Meriwether Lewis, William Clark Ø Set out from St. Louis 1804 Ø Reach Oregon 1806 Ø Resulted in Created geographic knowledge Stronger claims on Oregon Better relations with native Americans v Foreign policy issues Ø US remained neutral in the Napoleonic wars Ø Britain and France regularly seized neutral ships Ø Embargo act 1807 Prohibited trade with any foreign port Hoped that British would stop rather than lose US trade Devastating for US economy Ø Non- intercourse act of 1809 can trade with all nations except Britain and France Ø Macon s bill No. 2 (1810) if either Britain or France respect US neutrality Us will embargo the other nation Ø Napoleon agrees US stops trade with Britain v The war of 1812 Ø Causes British interference with trade United states belief of England instigating native American rebellion War hawk senators Ø June 1812 congress declares war Ø American plan Napoleonic victory in Europe invasion of English Canada Ø America invades Canada but fails Ø US navy wins multiple battles against British navy Ø By 1814 France defeated enables Britain to increase forces v Invasion of Chesapeake Ø England invades Washington with 6,000 men Ø No one guarding capital Ø Set fire to white house capital and other government buildings v Fort McHenry Ø Britain moves on to Baltimore, attacks fort Ø American force holds Ø Francis Scott Key writes star spangled banner v Battle of new Orleans January 1615 Ø British army attacks heavily entrenched American forces
Ø General Andrew Jackson Ø GB over 2,000 casualties United States just 13 Ø Andrew Jackson becomes huge war hero v Treaty of Ghent Ø December of 1814 2 weeks before New Orleans Ø Britain tired of war Ø Treaty just ends the fight Ø Effects of war US thinks it is a successful country American nationalism develops Denounced for its talk of succession and opposition to the war, end of the federalist party v Era of good feelings Ø Period from 1816-1825 Ø President James Monroe Ø Upsurge of American nationalism and optimism Ø Growing infrastructure v Nationalism (patriotism) Ø The belief that a particular nation is better and more important than other countries and the feeling people have of being loyal or proud of their country v Monroe s presidency Ø Tariff of 1816 taxes on foreign imports to protect US businesses Ø The panic of 1819 first economic disaster since constitution Ø Bankruptcies and unemployment across the country Ø Hit particularly hard in the west v John Marshall s supreme court Ø Supreme court chief justice appointed by John Adams Ø His decisions frequently favored the central government Ø Was the first to exercise the power of the supreme court Ø Marbury v. Madison (1803) institutes judicial review allows for supreme court to overrule actions of the other two branches Ø McCullouch v. Maryland (1819) settles the constitutionality of the national bank states cannot tax federal government Ø Gibbons v. Ogden (1821) established the federal government control of interstate commerce v Missouri compromise (1820) Ø Us has constantly tried to keep a balance of slave states and free states Ø Current balance of 11 slave and 11 free states Ø Admission of Missouri would disrupt balance Ø Northerners and southerners alike worried about states of other territories Ø Henry clay proposal for compromise Admit Missouri as a slave state Admit Maine as a free state Prohibit slavery north of the 36 30 line v Effects of Missouri compromise Ø Slavery issue subsided for 30 years
Ø Increased sectionalism Loyalty to ones region vs. loyalty to the entire country Divided the country in half (slave vs. free) v Monroe doctrine Ø Issued by president James Monroe 1823 Ø Declared that the era of American colonization was over European powers can no longer colonize the western hemisphere Ø Europe can no longer interfere in the affairs of north or south America v American society economy Ø Trade routes open up all over the united states Ø 1807 Robert Fulton invents steamboat Ø Canal system develops in 1820 Ø Railroad systems develop late 1820s Ø Easier trade and transportation Ø Samuel Morse telegraph Ø Northern economy Growth of factories enable mass production of goods Homespun fabrics replaced by textile factories Factory labor systems In order to correct the shortage of labor for the factories owners tended to recruit women an children Children as young as 7 leave to work in factories Low wages and long hours for workers Early union system is developed Women also begin to work in factories The majority of women in the factories were young and single Once married they would leave and stay at home Cult of domesticity develops to glorify traditional female roles Women gained more control over their lives Ø Southern economy Because of inventions like the cotton gin south becomes more heavily reliant on slave labor Planation system develops as crops can more easily be harvested Alabama and Mississippi rapid growth of cotton produced ends hope that slavery would die of natural causes v Markey revolution Ø Through increased industrialization and mobility (railways, road, canals) massive changes came to the united states economy Less reliance on imports and increased population within the US Increase power of business over the government Interdependence of the American economy (farmers provide food to the cities, cities provided mass produced goods of the farmers) v American society religion Ø By 1800 Americans were not very religious Ø Second great awakening spreads throughout America after the war of 1812
Ø Growing emotionalism in church services Ø Charles Finney becomes very popular itinerant preacher Teachers perfectionism and the need for perfect society v Effects of the second great awakening Ø Growth in popularity of mainstream Christian denominators (Baptist/Methodist) Ø Many different cults/religious groups developed Ø Growth of millennialism and concept of universal salvation Ø Democratization of American Christianity 2,000 ministers in 180 to 40,000 by 1845 Ø Mormonism joseph smith receives vision (1820) Ø Translates book of Mormon from the golden plates Ø Gathers a following and moves form new york Ø After joseph smith is killed Brigham young takes the Mormon church to Utah v American society population Ø Huge population growth form 1800-1860 Ø By 1860 US was the fourth most populous country in the world Ø About 45 million immigrants flood the country Ø Large German/Irish population came to America Ø Millions begin to move west v American society education Ø Large growth of federal funded schools after 1825 (local property taxes) Ø Common schools develop dedicated to good citizenship and moral education Ø State supported universities begin to rise Ø Although it was still believed women shouldn t receive advanced education colleges begin to accept women v Reform movements Ø Some aspects of society have become out of control Ø Temperance movement reduce the consumption of alcohol Ø About 7 million people drank excessively (including women and children) Ø Temperance societies develop (precursor to alcoholics anonymous) v Early women s movement Ø Throughout the 1830s- 1840s women saw the need to speak out against inequalities between men and women Ø Started by Sarah and Angelica Grimke early movement attacked gender roles inequalities in the workplace and the moral equality of women Ø Movement continued by Elizabeth Carly Stanton and Lucretia Mott who fought for increased rights for women v Seneca Falls convention 1848 Ø For two days women (300+) met to discuss the social civil and religious condition and religious condition of the rights of women Ø Organized by Elizabeth Stanton and Lucretia Mott Ø The declaration of sentiments was passed and began the women s rights and suffrage movement in America v Transcendentalism
Ø Transcendentalists questioned the doctrine of established churches and business practices of the merchant class Ø Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau challenged materialism and suggested the importance of expression Ø Argued for individualism independent thinking and the primacy of spiritual matters v Election of 1824 Ø John Quincy Adams (D- R) vs. Andrew Jackson (D- R) Ø Since no candidate received a majority of the electoral vote the election is decided by the house Ø In the contingent election the house elected John Quincy Adams as the president Ø Jackson and his followers called this the corrupt bargain and split the party between the Democratic party (Jackson) and the national republican party (Adams) v Jacksonian democracy Ø Democrats under Jackson Strongly opposed aristocracy Opposed a national bank Agricultural focus Opposed anti- immigration laws Sought to extend voting rights to all white males v The election of 1828 Ø John Quincy Adams v. Andrew Jackson Ø Another dirty election name calling and mudslinging Ø Mudslinging attracted a lot of interest and voter turnout soared Ø Jackson draw much of his support form the working class and farmers v President Andrew Jackson 1828-1836 Ø First democratic president Ø Popular president for the power classes Ø Focused on cleaning up Washington and making it more effective Ø Vetoed more bills during his presidency than all other previous presidents combines v Growth of the Whigs Ø After the loss of 1828 the national republicans fell form power Ø A new party developed called the Whigs also called the anti- Jackson party Ø Desired the supremacy of congress over the president Ø Favored modernization banking and manufacturing Ø Opposed manifest destiny v Indian removal act of 1830 Ø Jackson wanted to open Native American land to white settlement southern states Ø According to Jackson the most humane solution was to remove the settle them west of the Mississippi Ø Over the next decade 15,000 Native Americans were forced to leave their homes
Ø 4,000 + died due to hardships on the trail of tears v Nullification crisis Ø Jason favored states rights but not disunion Ø Nullification theory each state had the right to decide whether or not to obey a federal law or to declare it void and not follow it Ø Promoted by John Calhoun South Carolina has a convention to nullify two hated tariffs (tariff of abominations) Ø Jackson proclaimed nullification and division treason Ø South Carolina rescinded nullification after the force Bill