Chapter 10 Foreign Policy and Internationalism Chapter Issue: Should foreign policy promote internationalism? Related Issue #3: Should internationalism be pursued? Name:
Social 20-2 - Chapter 10 Foreign Policy and Internationalism Chapter Issue: Should foreign policy promote internationalism? LOOKING AHEAD: * How do countries set foreign policy? * How can nation-states promote internationalism through foreign policy? * How does Canadian foreign policy promote both national interest and internationalism? Please read the opening paragraph on page 223 about Canada creating the Canadian Peacekeeping Service Medal in 2000. The medal is same as a peacekeeping monument in Ottawa that is called Reconciliation. This name captures the central purpose of peacekeeping: to keep the peace long enough for reconciliation to take place. How do countries set foreign policy? (page 224) We will skim briefly over pages 224, 225, and 226 to gain a better understanding of how countries set foreign policies. Influences on Foreign Policy Decisions (page 224) (4 marks) Foreign Policy in Democracies (page 225) (4 marks)
Foreign Policy Goals (page 225) (4 marks) Foreign Policy in a Globalizing World (page 226) (4 marks) How can nation-states promote internationalism through foreign policy? (page 227) Countries can use foreign policy strategies to promote internationalism in many ways. These may include peacekeeping, international law and agreements, and foreign aid. Examine the photo essay Picturing How Foreign Policy Can Promote Internationalism on page 227. Promoting Peace (page 228) Using foreign policy to build world peace is a powerful strategy for promoting internationalism. Two major foreign policy tools that nation-states use to achieve this goal are... Incentives - offering closer international relations, provided certain conditions are met Sanctions - cutting off relations, such as trade, with a state until hostile behaviour stops Please read more about incentives and sanctions on page 228 in your text. At the bottom of page 228, there is a box that argues the validity of the use of sanctions in our world today. Please read both arguments presented and then complete the next page - Sanctions, Yes or No?
Sanctions: Yes or No? Statement: Sanctions help build peace. Arguments for * can help stop harsh treatment of citizens that are happening in a country * the lesser of two evils better to impose economic sanctions on a country then to declare war and fight with that country * sanctions or the threat of sanctions have worked in the world community before: South Africa to end apartheid * sanctions are a way to avoid going to war with a nation imposing economic sanctions can ultimately save lives * another example of a sanction is too not allow aggressive nations or nations with high human rights violations to not participate in any sports competitions such as the Olympic Games * sanctions help keep peace in the world- if a country is abusing its citizens, sanctions are a way to make that abusive nation stop what it is doing * the people of the abusive nation may revolt against its government and citizens may succeed in overthrowing the abusive government My Decision Arguments against sanctions hurt the citizens of a country, not the government Ex) the citizens of Iraq not receiving the polio vaccine not a 100% guarantee to work, not all countries of the world may participate in imposing sanctions against that abusive nation; if the sanctions don t work, countries of the world may have to use aggressive action against the abusive country anyways and ultimately go to war nations that trade with that abusive nation may lose money in lost trade with that country the people of the abusive nation may revolt against its government and citizens will lose their lives in the civil war that could erupt Iraqi children got polio because of economic sanctions against their country Circle the position that best reflects your position on the statement. Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree
Sanctions - Yes or No? Reasons for my DECISION! (10 marks)
Peacekeeping and Internationalism (page 229) After World War II, members of the newly created United Nations decided they needed an effective way to maintain international peace and security. To do this, they formed the Security Council, a subgroup of UN members with the authority to investigate and monitor potential crises. The council would use various strategies to negotiate solutions. It could, for example, order sanctions or, as a last resort, ask some members to launch military action. Peacekeeping is the Security Council s key military strategy. The council consults with countries in need of peacekeepers and authorizes all UN peacekeeping missions. All UN members MUST make some armed forces available for peacekeeping missions, but every country has the right to decide which missions it will join. In this way, the UN peacekeeping process is an internationalist effort to meet the challenge of bringing peace to troubled parts of the world. Continue reading on page 229 to learn the extent of Canada s role as a peacekeeping nation and the things that it takes to be a PEACEKEEPER. As a class, we will examine briefly the role of peacekeepers and look at how peacekeeping failed miserably in the country of Rwanda. International Law and Agreements (page 231) The foreign policies of various countries can sometimes conflict. To help resolve the disputes that arise when his happen, a large body of international law and agreements has been developed. The UN s International Court of Justice (World Court) interprets these laws and tries to settle disputes peacefully. But some countries, like the USA, refuse to recognize this court as these countries DO NOT want to give up their right to make their own decisions based on their own national interest. We will examine briefly the International Law of the Sea, the International Agreements and Antarctica, and the International Agreements of the Arctic. Foreign Aid and Internationalism (page 233) Countries also promote internationalism by delivering foreign aid. Every year, developed countries give billions of dollars to developing countries for humanitarian and other purposes. This money provided medical supplies, food, clothing, building supplies, and expertise. We will examine the 0.7% Solution and see how many countries actually adhere to this policy. We will also look at what some international aid organizations like the Red Cross are doing to help out those who are in need.
Criticism of Foreign Aid Policy (page 235) Humanitarianism is often the main motive for providing aid to other countries. But over the years, the foreign aid strategies of DEVELOPED countries have often been criticized. Here are some examples of criticisms: Competing Motives Tied Aid Lack of Consultation Complex Diversity systems Bureaucracy Corruption Brain Drain Next read the View From Here on page 236. Each of these individuals has an opinion concerning foreign aid as a tool for promoting internationalism. Does it benefit people? Is the current system effective? If not, what are the problems and how can they be fixed? Answer Explorations Questions Below: 1. Identify the concerns expressed by each speaker or writer. (3 marks each) Jeffrey Sachs: Kimberly Bowman: Walter Williams:
2. Underline which statement below do you agree with the most. (1 mark) *Foreign aid effectively promotes internationalism *Foreign aid does not promote internationalism because the system is broken *Foreign aid would promote internationalism more effectively if developed countries contributed enough money to end the cycle of poverty. 3. Which speaker most closely matches the statement you underlined? (2 marks) Jeffrey Sachs Kimberly Bowman Walter Williams 4. Write out one quote from their response that helps explain why you agree with their opinion. (4 marks) Total: /16 marks
Comparing Foreign Policy Strategies Strategy Example Benefits to a Country s National Interest Peacekeeping Sanctions NATO Sanctions NATO How It Promotes Internationalism *If peacekeepers are able to keep the groups that are fighting separated, maybe reconciliation can occur between the fighting groups *brings nations of the world together in trying to help solve a difficult or crisis situation in another territory United Nations United Nations *helps bring PEACE to troubled parts of the world-tries to stop people from fighting and killing one another
International Law and Agreements United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea *At 1 time, Grand Banks was the world s richest fishing grounds - was good for Canadian fishing industry *all waters within 370 km off the coast are under the rules and regulations of the nation Laws of the Sea off the coast of Newfoundland (Grand Banks) 1959: 7 countries claimed Antarctica but agreed to place their land claims on hold Arctic -area around North Pole is also in international waters - countries of the Arctic region are in dispute over Arctic territory *Antarctica is an international continent - any UN member is free to join the Antarctica Treaty *Arctic has 5 nations FIGHTING over who controls which partsthese 5 nations are trying to extend their territory into the North Pole *all the countries that exist in the region of Antarctica are working together and putting their national interests aside for the greater good of the continent *countries are NOT promoting internationalism - Arctic region is plagued by conflict as countries struggle to meet 2013 deadline to lay claim to Arctic territory - these 5 nations are more concerned with their own national interest
Foreign Aid 0.7% solution Red Cross *Lester B. Pearson suggested that DEVELOPED nations spend 0.7% of their GN income on foreign aid to help developing countries *developed nationstates can use their excess goods and services to help relieve the stress on people of the developing world DART UNICEF *there are many criticisms of foreign aid delivery *most of the developing world is in economic turmoil because of what developed countries did to them in the past = IMPERIALISM Doctors Without Borders Amnesty International
How Does Canadian Foreign Policy Promote Both National Interest and Internationalism? (Page 237) Like other countries, Canada tries to promote both its national interest and internationalism. Trade agreements between countries are a form of internationalism as trading partners cooperate to increase trade. Increased trade creates a stronger economy, which is in the national interest. Foreign aid is another tool that Canada uses to promote internationalism. Foreign aid involves many countries cooperating to help those less fortunate. This form of internationalism serves Canadian national interest and reflects Canadian values because it creates a safer and more secure and more prosperous world. Different circumstances require different approaches when dealing with the world. Canada may take a nationalist approach to defend its interests, for example, defending its border or being tough when negotiating a treaty. Canada may take an internationalist approach to serve its interests, for example, supporting INTERPOL to help fight crime on a worldwide scale. Developing foreign policy can be a difficult process of deciding which aspects of the national interest to serve. An international agreement may serve Canada s national interest in creating a cleaner world environment but if the agreement drastically curbs a domestic industry such as the oil and gas industry, then Canada s national interest in promoting a healthy economy might NOT be served. READ THE GREEN - IMPACT: CANADA AND PEACEKEEPING (pages 238-239) Landmines and Foreign Policy (page 240) The international agreement to ban landmines is an example of Canada s serving its national interest by promoting internationalism. Landmines are bombs buried in the ground. They are set to explode when someone steps on them or when a vehicle drives over them. Troops involved in conflicts plant these bombs to protect their bases, as well as on public roads and in fields. They are cheap and effective weapon in guerilla warfare. Questions: 1. How many people are killed by land mines everyday? 2. What percent of these victims are civilians?
3. What percent of these victims are children? 4. What is the cost to make a landmine? 5. What does it cost to remove a landmine? 6. When do landmines seem to cause the most problems around the world? 7. Why are they stepped on? 8. When do civilians tend to step on them? 9. When do children tend to step on them? 10. When did the UN become successful in their efforts to ban landmines? 11. Who led the campaign to ban landmines? 12. Who has supported this campaign? 13. How is it in Canada s national interest to promote an international ban on landmines?
The Ottawa Treaty (page 241) Questions: 1. Who was Canada s foreign affairs minister in 1997? 2. Who was he inspired by in 1997? 3. What did Canada s foreign affairs minister do in 1997? 4. What is the Ottawa Convention, and how many countries signed it? 5. How many countries had signed it by mid-2007? 6. What was the result in regards to the production of landmines? 7. What award did Jody Williams win? 8. Which international terrorist organization continues to use landmines?