Index A accountability enforcement with transparency and rule of law, 34 meaning of, 34 Afghanistan, 2001 war impact on child health, 100 Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme (HCP), 207 Aga Khan Trust for Culture s (AKTC), 207 Al Qaeda, 14 anti-corruption framing of policies to curb corruption, 41 programs in Bangladesh and Botswana, 40 1 apartheid, 8, 131, 209, 222, 233 Arab countries, issues in, 3 armed conflicts, international interventions in, 56 7 artistic policy, 204 6 assimilation, notion of, 8 9 authority of leadership, recognition of, 39 B Bahasa, Indonesia office language, 190 1 balancing of values, 10 11 ballot structure, in election, 33 being sensitive, meaning of, 56 Best Alternative To a Negotiated Agreement (BATNA), 153 The Bridge on the Drina (Ivo Andric), 27 business as driver of economic, social and political reconstruction conflicts sensitivity, 5, 56 8 development of domestic economic potential, 54 6 social reconstruction through stakeholder engagement, development of, 58 9 and peace-building in practice, 60 5 C Cadastral Commission (CC), Cambodia, 228 Canadian Multiculturalism Act of 1988, 138 capacity building, institutional, 280 1 in Liberia, 45 multi-stakeholder process, in Mozambique, 44 citoyen (citizen), France policy, 8 civil state, hallmarks of, 28 claimants, 224 classroom teaching approaches, 139 climate change, 44, 149, 152, 158 9, 164, 224 climate refugees, 2, see also global warming climate wars, 149 Club de Madrid network project, 241, 243 4, 254, 274 5 collective trauma, 120 violence, 99 command approach, in divided societies, 149 50 common property, 217 communal property, 217 violence, 99 community-based transitional justice, 36 7 community policing, 21, 77, 82 in Chhattisgarh, 87 in South Africa, 89 Community Radio Initiatives to Stop Conflict programme, Mali, 211 community resilience, during wars, 104 284
Index 285 companies conflicts sensitivity, 5, 56 8 corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies in post-conflict societies, 56 decent job, 55 in market economy, 55 political role in peace negotiations process, 59 60 role in diverse and conflicted societies, 53 4 social reconstruction through stakeholder engagement, development of, 58 9 confidence-building, for dispute resolution, 202 3 conflicts, 4 analysis, 30 of context, 264 5 issues to take care during, 266 between cultural defined groups, 11 intractable, 3 4 lens, 6 myths and misconceptions on health, 102 OECD estimation on people living in conflict-affected and fragile states, 4 over land, 216 21 regional, see regional conflicts sensitivity, 5, 56 8 within states, 3 working around, 107 8 working in, 108 working on, 108 consociationalism system, in Netherlands, 133 constitution, 33, 43, 137, 170 1 Consultation Commission on Accommodation Practices Related to Cultural Differences, Canada, 201 context analysis and conflict analysis, difference between, 265 6 control approach, in divided societies, 149 50 corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies, 56, 58, 62, 67 8 corruption, 279 impact on governance practices, 40 problem in societies, 88 Council of Europe, 21 cultural communities, elements of, 171 cultural diversity benefits of, 203 4 definition of, 167 framework for management of, 170 5 cultural expression, rights relevant to, 171 3 human rights-informed approach, 170 1, 181 7 policy and legislative, 173 5 cultural expression addressing of problems related to, 182 7 definition of, 167 importance for individuals, 168 limitation by state measures, 171 with religious/spiritual dimension, 179 98 cultural heritage, 206 cultural infrastructure, equitable access to, 205 cultural policy, 204 6 cultural rights, 9, 18, 174 cultural transformation, 273 culture and conflict, 168 definition of, 167 products of, 168 customary land tenure, 217 18 D decent job, definition of, 55 decentralization of power tracking of regional development, 48 use of transition method, 47 Declaration on the Rights of Persons (1992), 19, 29 delegitimizing of leadership, 39 40 democratic system, 32 4 denominationalism, separate schools development due to, 131 direct discrimination, 219
286 Index discrimination, 172 fight against, 68 IHRL prohibition of, 219 quota, 82 structural, fight against, 64 dispute resolution, 198 dissimilarities, impact on society, 29 diverse groups, positive management of, 3 diversity, 12 14, see also interdependence difficulty in emphasizing, 14 management, 27 local norm setting role, 20 promotion of separatism, 8 societal visions of, 9 divide-and-rule process, 3 divided society(ies), 281 command and control approaches, 149 50 leadership, importance of, 38 need of transformational leaders, 282 policing in, 77 8 societal cost and benefits, 149 Do No Harm framework, 109, 269 70, 277 Dutch Hunger children study, 106 E economic violence, 99 education policy, in shared societies of Brazil, 138 of Britain, 134 of Canada, 138 curriculum considerations, 138 41 equitable distribution of resources, debate on, 143 4 of Israel, 132 minority rights, recognition of, 141 3 of Netherlands, 133 of Northern Ireland, 136 US public schooling system, 137 elections, 45 6 electoral system process, 32 3 environmental conflict(s) cases, 161 4 challenges in resolution of, 153 4 determination of appropriate scales for analyses and intervention, 151 2 joint monitoring and adaptive interventions for resolution of, 152 lessons and examples for policymakers effective representation and participation, 155 6 enabling implementation of adaptive management systems, 157 9 use of best available knowledge in management, 156 7 participation and resolution in processes of, 150 1 shared knowledge production, 151 environmental management regimes, traditional, 149 equality, 11 12, 172, 272 ethnic profiling, 86 ethno-cultural groups, in India and Nigeria, 1 European Union (EU), 28 F fisheries, in Amazon, 161 2 food riots, 149 foreign-born people in United States, population of, 1 forestry conservation in Sulawesi, 161 restoration in South Africa, 163 4 framework, for shared societies conflict analysis of context, 264 5 implementation of programmes, 269 70 institutional capacity building, 270 1 monitoring and evaluation, 271 5 setting objective, for work, 267 9 freedom of expression, 43, 171, 189, 194, 208 G Global Health Cluster (GHC), 103 global initiatives, in health and peace-building process, 111 14
Index 287 globalization, 29, 98, 167, 253 4 global warming, 2, 14, 39, 278 good governance, 47 accountability, see accountability anti-corruption, see anti-corruption cross- country regressional analysis, 29 30 definition of, 30 economic dimension of, 28 elections role in, 45 6 element to tackle divided societies, 30 inclusivity protection at all levels of, 41 3 justice, see justice political context, creation of, 29 principles of, 30 2, 170 process of developing and implementation of policies, 29 regional development tracking through decentralization, 48 security in, 34 5 sustained, 42 3 transformational leadership, see transformational leadership H having social support, for trauma victims, 120 Health and Conflict Project, University of New South Wales, 118 Health and Peace-building Filter assessment tool, 118 19, 266 7 health as a bridge for peace (HBP), 16, 21 actions undertaken in conflict and post-conflict settings, 113 14, 117 evaluation of effectiveness and challenges of practices, 114 16 integration of peace-building process, 111 Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), 111 51st World Health Assembly (1998), formal acceptance in, 113 health cluster, 103 4 health work, for shared societies conflict and instability impact on, 98 conflict-sensitive health intervention, conceptual framework, 107 8 definition by WHO, 97 donors potential to harm and heal, 109 global, regional and national initiatives in, 111 14 health as a bridge for peace (HBP), see health as a bridge for peace (HBP) myths and misconceptions on health, 102 practical tools for examination of, 118 21 prevention of violence, public health perspective, 99 100 promotion of social cohesion and peace-building process, 110 psychological stress among health workers, 116 18 relief measures after war, 106 7 violence as public health issue, WHO report, 98 9 war impact on health system, 103 4 on public health, 100 1 hijab, ban from France schools, 136 7 HIV/AIDS disease, rise during armed conflicts, 102 horizontal inequalities, 11 human relations approach, 139 human rights, 18 19 limitations of framework, 19 policing conduct as per rule of law, 19 20 protection as per language relevancy, 189 90, see also tensions, in shared societies Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), 18 human rights-informed approach, 170 1, 181 7 I identity conflicts, 3 4 immigration(s)
288 Index immigration(s) continued due to wars and natural disasters, 2 from Morocco to European countries, 2 inclusivity building block in cohesion of divided societies, 41 governance building, 42 networking between organizations and citizenry, 42 promotion of participation, 41 indigenous justice systems, in Guatemala, 90 indirect discrimination, 219 indirect rule, Lord Lugard s system of, 27 informal actor networks, 153 institutional guidelines development, for policing, 21 inter-cultural exchange, 203, 206, 208 interdependence, emphasis in Northern Ireland, 11, 14 17 internally displaced (IDPs), 220, 227 International Commission on Policing for Northern Ireland, 76 International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), 69 70 international conflicts, 3 International Court of Justice, 29 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966), 18 19 International Humanitarian Law (IHL), 70, 220 international human rights law (IHRL), 169, 219 20 internationalization, 29 International Labour Organization (ILO), 55 International Money fund (IMF), 29 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, 110 interpersonal violence, 98 intractable conflicts, 3 4 Israel, education policy of, 132 J Jewish communities, clashes between, 13 Joint History Project (JHP), USA, 140 justice impact of denial, 36 imperative in divided societies, 36 infrastructure, 37 8 transitional, see transitional justice L land conflict, 216 21 causes of grievance of land, 223 insecurity of land tenure, 222 normative dissonance, 222 scarcity of land, 222 in countries with plural legal systems, 225 7 environmental change and, 224 outsiders role in avoidance of, 233 7 in post-conflict situations, 227 prevention of violent, 227 33 land dispossession impact, in East Africa, 179 land reform, 219 20, 227, 232 leadership, shared society, 282 3 Learning Each Other s Historical Narratives program, in Israel, 132 legal pluralism, 20, 216 17 legislative framework, cultural diversity management, 173 5 legitimacy, battle for leaders, 39 legitimate governance processes, 33 Liberia Emergency Capacity Building Support (LECBS) Project, 45 linguistic diversity, 189 90, 192 addressing of problems related to with names, 193 place names, 194 5 private enterprises, associations and assemblies, 194 public administration, 196 public office and electoral process, 195 right to fair trial and justice, 197 Lomé Peace Agreement, 36 7, see also transitional justice LTTE, 109, 111
Index 289 M managing tensions, definition of, 168 9 mass trauma, 120 media cultural diversity promotion in, 208 enhancement of exposure and access in measures for, 210 use to resolve disputes, 211 Media and Diversity and Development Agency, South Africa, 209 10 Middle East Association for Managing Hearing Loss, 116 Mi Llave (My Key) project, in Columbia, 16, 63 4 minority rights, 7, 141 3, 174 5 Minority Rights organization, 9 modern urban policing, 89 multicultural education approach, 139 multiculturalism challenges for, 9 emergence of, 9 as salad bowl or cultural mosaic, 9 Multicultural Marketing Awards, Australia, 203 4 multi-stakeholder process, in Mozambique, 44 N National Council on History Standards, United States, 139 40 national initiatives, in health and peace-building process, 111 14 National Land Commission, 235 National Land Policy, Kenya, 233 National Police Bureau, Pakistan, 80 nation, meaning of, 27 natural resources, conflicts over, 149 Netherlands addressing of religious pluralism, 133 groundwater management in, 162 3 New York city, symbol of globalizing polyglot world, 1 non-discrimination, principles of, 172 non-official languages, accommodation of, 191 8 non-violent leadership struggle, in Maldives, 39 Northern Ireland adoption of values for peace-process, 10 11 phased restructuring of police service in, 83 police ombudsman and policing board in, 91 police reform programme in, 92 population of, 1 relationship issues among Catholics, 9 Northern Ireland Act of 1998, 42 North Korea, population of, 1 O Office of Integration Policy, Germany, 201 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 4, 28 OSCE High Commissioner for National Minorities (2006), 21, 211 Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, 110 outsiders, role in avoidance of land conflict, 233 7 P Palestinian-Israeli Health Initiative, 112 13 Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), 111 Panos Institute West Africa, 211 participation, in conflict resolution processes, 150 1, 272 participation, in shared societies, 17 18 participatory resilience analysis, 153 peace-building process actors and companies, 57 global, regional and national initiatives in, 111 14 health role in promotion of, 110 implementation challenges in, 65 70
290 Index peace-building process continued organizations, 5 practical tools for examination of, 118 21 women s role in, 234 peace dividend, 60 peace entrepreneurs, 70 peace-focused groups, 5 peace negotiations process business and fight against structural discrimination, 64 public private alliances role, 63 4 public private alliances role in Uganda, 61 support to various needs of employees and families, 62 3 workplace reconciliation, 61 2 companies political role in, 59 60 Peace Research Institute in the Middle East (PRIME), 132 Peace Writ Large framework, 273 4 personal change, 272 personnel capacity building, 44 pillarization system, in Netherlands, 133 Pinheiro Principles on Housing and Property Restitution, 220 pluralism challenges in society due to, 2 3 legal, 20 pluralistic media, 208 plurilingual language policy, 191 policing, in shared societies, 74 OSCE recommendations in multi-ethnic societies, 84 reform objectives in acceptance and development of links with communities, 88 90 development independent professionals and human rights compliant policing, 80 1 development of effective procedures for individual and institutional accountability, 90 2 development of plans and procedures for integrated deployment, 85 6 in divided societies, 77 8 effective relationships development, 86 7 general policing, 75 7 recruitment from minority and under-represented communities, 81 2 recruitment of reserved classes, 82 4 strategic approach to, 78 80 training of new recruits and established officers, 84 policy challenges, in shared society building, 242 3 policy change(s) enabling conditions for, 258 9 obstacles in, 255 8 support from leaders for, 259 61 policy development process assumptions and principles of, 246 8 cooperation and partnerships, 178 9 cultural groups identification of, 176 recognition of diversity within, 176 integrate and sustainable approach, 179 involvement of actors and roles, 176 levels and forms, of support, 178 local and traditional knowledge and institutions, respect for, 178 monitoring and evaluation, of policies and programmes, 179 participation and representation of individuals and stakeholders in, 177 problems in, 244 5 provision for change of space, 176 7 relevant policy areas and options, 251 stages in, 244 policy framework, cultural diversity management, 173 5 political policing, 76 violence, 99
Index 291 post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 120 Programme of Work for the Period 2006 2015, WHO, 98 public private alliance, role in peace-building process, 63 4 public schooling system, of US, 137 public service broadcasters (PSBs), 208 Q qua groups, 130 quota for recruitment, in police services, 82 4 R racial difference, issue for Britain, 3 recognition of diverse social groups, 10 reconciliation in workplace, 61 2, see also peace negotiations process recruitment of minority and underrepresented communities, for police services, 81 2 redistribution of socioeconomic resources, 10 refugee(s), 70, 105, 227, 236 climate, 2 problems in South Africa, 2 use of mobiles in conflict zones, 61 regional conflicts, 2 3, 44, 278 regional initiatives, in health and peace-building process, 111 14 relational transformation, 272 3 religious expression, addressing of problems related to, 182 7 representation, of minority groups in politics, 10 11 Republic of Ireland, population of, 1 resettlement dilemma, in Kenya, 231 resiliency, during wars, 104 5 resolution, in conflict resolution processes, 150 1 resource distribution, 34, 40 restitution reform, of land, 232 3 right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion, 171 S schooling separately, 131 7 schooling together, 131 7 second-class citizenship, 3 security in good governance, 34 5 self-directed violence, 98 self-identification principle, 176 Senior Executive Service (SES), Liberia, 45 separate schools, 8, 16, 131, 134 5 separatism, 8, see also diversity management service delivery, 34 sexual violence, 99 shared society(ies) definition, 96 guiding principles for economics of, 254 5 policy areas, 252 3 principles of, 248 project, engagement with policy process, 243 8 role in conflict management, 4 7 Sharia councils, in Britain, 12 13 single group studies approach, 139 small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) role as promoters of local business community, 55 setting up of local networks, 55 social change process, 242 social cohesion, 9 10, 110, 204, 251, 268 social conflict, 11, 13, 247 social determinants of health (SDH) model, 97 social inclusion/exclusion, 9 11 social integration aim of, 9 10 disapproval by many groups, 10 social reconstructionist approach, 139 social rights, 171 socio-economic inequalities, 12 South Korea, population of, 1 state culture, 177 State Department s Office of the Coordinator for Reconstruction and Stabilization, US, 6
292 Index structural discrimination, fight against, 64, 68, see also peace negotiations process structural transformation, 273 T targeted recruitment of members, of immigrant communities in Vienna, 82 teaching the culturally different approach, 139 teaching tolerance, 140 tensions in shared societies bodies, mechanisms and processes to respond, 198 201 confidence-building for resolution of, 202 3 reasons for accommodation of non-official languages, 191 8 choices of official languages, 190 1 human rights-informed approach, 181 7 human rights protection as per language relevancy, 189 90 language policy, 189 legal pluralism, 188 9 objections from others within society, 180 1 state actions, 180 9/11 terrorist attack, United States citizens died in, 1 conflict between Al Qaeda and Saudi Arabia government, 14 third-class citizenship, 3 third parties, protection against act of, 173 4, see also cultural diversity time, role in developing good governance, 47 tolerance, promotion of, 175, 203 11, see also cultural diversity, framework for management of Transfer of Knowledge through Expatriate Nationals (TOKTEN), Liberia, 45 transformational approaches, 272 3 transformational leadership role in divided societies, 38 9 struggle for non-violent leadership, in Maldives, 39 transitional justice definition of, 36 requirement of holistic reinvention of justice infrastructure, 37 transitional justice process, 66 Truth and Reconciliation Commission, in Sierra Leone, 36 7 U understanding, promotion of, 175, 203 11, see also cultural diversity, framework for management of UN Development Program, 6 UNESCO Convention against Discrimination in Education, 131 UN Interagency Framework for Preventive Action, 6 United Nations Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials (1979), 21 United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA), 6, 9 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 28 United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, 30 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), 2, 63, 230 United Nations (UN), 6, 29 United States of America classroom teaching approaches in, 139 history standards debate in, 139 40 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), 18 UN Population Fund, 102 unresponsive governance, 43 4
Index 293 V value approach, 271 2 violence classification of, 98 9 conceptual model linking social determinants of health with, 101 as major public health issue, report by WHO, 98 prevention and mitigation of, 99 100 violent conflict, 44, 100, 105, 116, 168 9, 178, 215 16, 221, 236 W war healing from, 104 6 impact on health system, 103 4 on public health, 100 1 water quality, in Oregon, 163 women s, role in peace-building process, 234 working around conflicts, 107 8, 117 working in conflicts, 108, 117 working on conflict, 108, 117 workplace reconciliation, 15 16, 61 2, 67, see also peace negotiations process World Bank, 31, 100, 237, 273, 278 World Health Organization (WHO), 16, 21, 97 100, 103 4, 111 World Medical Association, 110 Z zero-sum dynamic, 168 Zwelthemba system of community policing and justice, in South Africa, 89