The Involvement of State Governments in US Foreign Relations
The Involvement of State Governments in US Foreign Relations S a m u el Lu ca s McMil l an
THE INVOLVEMENT OF STATE GOVERNMENTS IN US FOREIGN RELATIONS Copyright Samuel Lucas McMillan, 2012. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2012 978-0-230-11325-1 All rights reserved. First published in 2012 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN in the United States a division of St. Martin s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-29501-2 DOI 10.1057/9781137015402 ISBN 978-1-137-01540-2 (ebook) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data McMillan, Samuel Lucas. The involvement of state governments in U.S. foreign relations / Samuel Lucas McMillan. p. cm. 1. State governments and international relations United States. 2. Subnational governments Foreign relations United States. 3. United States Foreign relations 1945 1989 4. United States Foreign relations 1989 5. United States Foreign economic relations. 6. Globalization United States States. I. Title. JZ1480.M38 2012 327.73 dc23 2011028062 A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: February 2012
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Contents List of Figure and Tables A ck n o w l e d g m e n t s ix xi 1 I nt ro duc t ion 1 2 Linking International Relations to American Politics 13 3 T he C h a n g i n g R ole s of G over nor s 31 4 US State Politics, Federalism, and Intergovernmental R e l at ion s 51 5 Subnational Governments in the International System 75 6 US States and Governors in Foreign Relations 105 7 Analysis of Governors Foreign Relations Activities 123 8 US States and Governors in Foreign Economic Relations 143 9 Analysis of Foreign Direct Investment and Export Promotion 163 10 C onc lu sion s a nd Fut u re R e s e a rc h 18 7 A pp e nd i x 2 03 Notes 213 References 219 Index 247
Figure and Tables Figure 7.1 Sums of sample governors foreign relations activities 133 Tables 3.1 History of governor-led overseas missions 39 3.2 Factors encouraging governors foreign relations activities 49 5.1 US states international offices, 1953 2006 81 5.2 Interviews with directors of US states international offices 89 6.1 Countries in which sample governors met with national & subnational officials 113 7.1 Governors examined in this study 124 7.2 Research hypotheses for governors foreign relations activities 128 7.3 Results of independent variables on governors foreign relations activities 135 8.1 US states relationships with overseas chambers of commerce 157 9.1 Results for study of US states per capita foreign direct investment, 1995 2005 174 9.2 Results for study of US states per capita exports, 1995 2006 181
Acknowledgments T he initial stages of this research took place at the University of South Carolina, so I thank the members of my dissertation committee: Harvey Starr, Blease Graham, and Jerel Rosati as well as Earl Fry of Brigham Young University. Each has been instrumental in improving this project. I also benefited from gifted teachers and scholars at Wofford, St. Andrews, and Warwick. The late Larry McGehee helped me to realize that I wanted to spend my life on a college campus, and many professors shaped my interests, including William DeMars, Linton Dunson, John Seitz, Ben Rosamond, Ann Bowman, Donald Puchala, and Joel Samuels. Scholars such as Thad Beyle, Timothy Conlan, Phillip Stone, and Kelly O Reilly offered useful advice. Kimberly Richburg is a trusted colleague, and Adam Haigh of Lander University s Jackson Library supplied helpful assistance. Numerous officials agreed to be interviewed for this project, provided reports and data, and offered their expertise. This includes government officials at the US state and federal levels, as well as officials associated with many nongovernmental organizations. The opportunity to speak with former governors was perhaps the most exciting part of my research, and the assistance of all practitioners heightened my scholarship. USC s Walker Institute for International and Area Studies helped fund my research and travel expenses to interview officials in the United States and abroad. I thank the South Carolina Department of Commerce because of the many officials that aided me, Michael Samuels and Dan O Flaherty for help with interviews, and the staff of the South Carolina Department of Archives and History for assistance with my examination of governors papers. Chris Whatley of the Council of State Governments also deserves special thanks. Earlier portions of this research were published in Foreign Policy Analysis and International Interactions, so I thank Wiley-Blackwell and Taylor & Francis respectively for allowing me to use some similar
xii Acknowledgments language here. Finally, I thank the editors at Palgrave Macmillan, especially Robyn Curtis and Farideh Koohi-Kamali, for all of their help with this project. My parents, Jill and Sam McMillan; brothers, Jason and Austin; and grandmother, Martha McMillan have been supportive since the early years of my fascination with history and politics. Other family members, especially Barbara and Steve Cameron, and friends have continuously supplied encouragement. Our son William has always been a source of endless enjoyment and laughter. I know that our new son Henry will as well. With this project completed, I look forward to spending more time with our boys. Most of all, Lisa, my Phi Beta Kappa wife, gives immeasurable support every day. Her contributions to me, to our family, and to this research are numerous.