Slide 1 Essential Question What problems were facing America when George Washington became president? What lasting effects can we see from Washington's presidency? Particularly cabinet, political parties, neutrality, rise of state rights arguments Slide 2 Timeline Federalist Era -Washington Adams Democratic- Republican Era Jefferson Madison Monroe John Quincy Adams Democrats vs. Whig Era Slide 3 1. Washington s Presidency Served 2 terms---1789 to 1797 VP: John Adams 2. US Problems = Solutions Government on paper but not in practice Precedents Develops first Cabinet----Hamilton vs Jefferson Supreme Court Debt Excise taxes and tariffs Bank of United States (BUS) in 1792 Confidence in new Constitution Whiskey Rebellion Successfully put down by Washington, 1794 Farmers refuse to pay Whiskey tax to US Govt. Mobocracy notes1
political Slide 4 Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson played a valuable role in the beginning of our nation. Both were visionaries and influenced the direction our country would go economically, politically and socially. President Washington was stuck in the middle of these two men as they argued over our country s beginnings. Slide 5 Leader Appealed to Ideas of Government Domestic Policy Foreign Policy Federalist Beliefs Alexander Hamilton John Adams Manufacturers, merchants, wealthy and educated. Favored seaboard cities Strong government over states Loose Construction of Constitution Implied powers Wealthy and educated involved Limit freedoms of speech & press Preferred govt. similar to a king Supported National Bank BUS Supported excise tax National debt good for country National govt. assume state debts Tariffs should be high Opposed French Revolution Wanted war with French Favored the British (former Anti-Federalists) Democratic-Republicans Thomas Jefferson James Madison Farmers and Planters common man Favored the South and West State s rights over National Govt. Strict construction of Constitution Expressed/Enumerated powers Common man but educated Bill of Rights is sacred Lesser government the better Against National Bank BUS Against excise tax Against National debt States pay their own debts Tariffs should be low Supported French Revolution Opposed war with French Favored the French Slide 6 Misc. Revenue Foreign Debt $11,710,000 Federal Domestic Debt $42,414,000 State Debt $21,500,000 Excise Tax on Whiskey Custom Duties (Tariffs) Compromise with Thomas Jefferson called the Assumption Act led to the creation of Washington, D.C. debt Congress & Sec. of Treasury Alexander Hamilton solve debt problems: Pay off $80 million debt Excise tax: Taxes placed on manufactured products Tariff: a tax on imports Establish good credit with foreign nations Create a national bank with a national currency Raise money for govt backed by gold silver
BUS Slide 7 HAMILTON Safe place to deposit and transfer money Provide loans to government and state banks A national currency---$$$$$ An investment by people to buy stock into US bank Constitution did not forbid a national bank.loose construction of Constitution National debt good for country JEFFERSON Against the Constitution State banks would collapse Only wealthy could invest in bank and would control bank than control the government Hurt the common man Strict construction If it is not mentioned in the Constitution than there can t be a national bank. Against a national debt Slide 8 Whiskey Rebellion Whiskey Rebels refused to pay the excise tax that was passed by Congress and signed into law by President Washington.Believed this tax was unfair because it was taxing their income whiskeymap Slide 9 Farmer s revolt in western Pennsylvania. Refused to pay Hamilton s excise tax Believed it was an unfair tax. Were called the Whiskey Rebels
Slide 10 Whiskey Issue at hand was testing the power of the new Constitution Outcome: Demonstrated to the people that this new constitution was powerful enough to put down domestic rebellions, mobocracy Showed the power of President Washington reviews 13,000 troops of the the national Western Army assembled at Fort Cumberland, government Maryland, to crush the Whiskey Rebellion. Slide 11 John Jay first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court President Washington appoints 6 justices to the Supreme Court 3 from North and 3 from South Judiciary Act of 1789, Congress created lower courts to assist the Supreme Court. Slide 12 The Possibility of War Jay s Treaty 1793---Great Britain Forts for debts Picnkney s Treaty 1795---Spain Open up the Mississippi River French Revolution---1789 to 1800---US US asked to help France in war with England Neutrality Act---Washington warns US to stay neutral and not side with the French. 4. Washington s Farewell Speech: 1796 Two ways the US can stay unified Avoid political parties Military alliances with Europe Neutrality----Isolation notes2 Achievements: Sound economic foundation westward expansion Kept us out of war
Slide 13 French Rev Began in 1790 s, unfair taxation and inequality---worldwide crisis Overthrow King Louis 16 th and Marie Antoniete similar to King George Americans believed we should help the French----similar to ours Slide 14 French Rev Executions of King Louis the 16 th and Marie Antoniette in 1793. Begins Reign of Terror during French Revolution where 40,000 opponents of the new govt. were beheaded. France goes to war against European kings France requested US ships to block West Indies from the British President Washington declared Neutrality and ordered Americans to avoid this war Slide 15 farewell Whereas it appears that a state of war exists between Austria, Prussia, Sardinia, Great Britain and the United Netherlands, of the one part and France on the other; and the duty and interest of the U.S. require, that they should with sincerity and good faith adopt and pursue a conduct friendly and impartial toward the belligerent powers.
Slide 16 farewell neutrality I have therefore thought fit by these presents to declare the disposition of the U.S. to observe the conduct aforesaid towards those Powers respectfully; and to exhort and warn the citizens of the U.S. carefully to avoid all acts and proceedings whatsoever, which may in any manner tend to contravene such disposition.april 1793 President Washington s response to the French was to warn Americans to stay out these European conflicts and remain neutral or avoid. Why? Slide 17 Most Americans (Jefferson and Paine) were upset with Washington s Neutrality. Washington s Neutrality decision was based on the long term U.S. self interest. Preserve and protect the infant nation Thomas Paine On Washington s Neutrality And as to you, sir, treacherous in private friendship (for so you have been to me, and that in the day of danger) and a hypocrite in public life, the world will be puzzled to decide, whether you are an apostate or an importer; whether you have abandoned good principles, or whether you ever had any. Response to frenchrev Slide 18 British made neutrality difficult: maintained trading posts on US soil, sold firearms to Indians. Collaborated with Indians to check US expansion to frontier. Conflicts with Britain
Slide 19 Conflicts with Britain British expected Americans to defend French West Indies, so attacked US merchant ships, seizing about 300 Impressed and imprisoned American sailors. Jeffersonians called for war Federalists resisted (financial system). Slide 20 impressment Impressment: an act of kidnapping a ship, its contents, men and forcing them into your navy----the British and French were doing this to us. Slide 21 British forts on U.S. soil. Still haven t removed troops and supplying Indians with weapons Disputed land claims with Spain..Cut off Mississippi River
Slide 22 Jay s Treaty with England.. British made neutrality difficult: maintained trading posts on US soil, sold firearms to Indians. Collaborated with Indians to check US expansion to frontier. Jays Slide 23 Jay s Treaty To avoid war, Washington sent Chief Justice John Jay to London (1794). Jeffersonian s concerned about Jay s loyalty. Hamilton feared war with England, secretly supplied British with US bargaining strategy. Slide 24 Jay s Treaty John Jay is burnt in effigy because Americans believed he sold out to the British. British remove forts from US soil British agreed but required US to pay old debts on pre-revolution accounts. Allowed US to negotiate separate treaties with Indian tribes Opened westward expansion for US settlers.
Slide 25 Jay s Treaty John Jay is burnt in effigy because Americans believed he sold out to the British. Jeffersonian s felt treaty was surrender to Britain, betrayal of South (who had debts). Did not stop impressment. Slide 26 Jay s Treaty Jay s Treaty gave life to new Democratic-Republican party, tarnished Wash. s popularity. Spain, fearing US-British alliance, gives US free use of Mississippi, disputed territory north of FL. Slide 27 Spain cut off our farmers right to use the Mississippi River and deposit their crops in New Orleans. Picnkneys Pinckney s Treaty: Spain gave US the free use of the Mississippi River for 5 yrs. and the boundary was set at 31 st parallel between Spanish Florida and US
Slide 28 farewell Washington warned of the dangers of political parties and permanent alliances with other nations. Washington s warning against entangling alliances became a principle of U.S. foreign policy. Europe has a set of primary interests which to us have none or a very remote relation.our detached and distant situation invites and enables us to pursue a different course..it is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world Taking care always to keep ourselves by suitable establishments on a respectable defensive posture, we may safely trust to temporary alliances for extraordinary emergencies..1796 Slide 29 Washington is convinced that Americans must stay neutral and avoid foreign affairs associated with all the British and foreign continents--- GOOD HISTORIAN Washington displayed this in 1793 by the Proclamation of Neutrality and his Farewell Address in 1796. No entangling alliances.us should avoid military alliances with Europe.continue to trade with Europe Neutrality = Isolation Slide 30 1. Adams 2 nd president---jefferson VP Serves 1 term---1797 to 1801 2. Possible war with France Why? French: US neutrality US: impressment of our ships Kidnapped our ships 3. Adams tries to avoid war XYZ Affair French bribed the US US wants war with France Undeclared naval war---1798-1800 4. Adams prepares US for war. Alien and Sedition Act 1798 No immigrants and silenced free speech Congress creates the Dept. of the Navy and US Marines notes3
Slide 31 Kty/va resolutions Jefferson s and Madison s response to the Sedition Act..They tried to convince the other states not to support the Sedition Act.It failed and the Sedition Act remained the law until 1801. DOCTRINE OF NULLIFICATION: Since the States created the National Government, they have the right to nullify, cancel or decide not to obey a law they believed was unconstitutional. COMPACT THEORY: Belief Jefferson and Madison held that since the states created the National Govt. and the states entered into this compact voluntarily, they have the right to refuse to obey any law they believe is unconstitutional Slide 32 5. VP Jefferson against these laws Violated Bill of Rights the states can refuse to obey it--- nullify 6. Adams vs. French---1800---kept US out of war Agreement: Napoleon Bonaparte agreed to abandon US responsibility to the Franco/American Treaty of 1778 notes4 Slide 33 1. Jefferson: 1801 to 1809 VP: Aaron Burr The Revolution of 1800 peaceful transfer of power Jeffersonian Democracy 2. Marbury vs. Madison, 1803 Midnight appointments of Adams. Chief Justice John Marshall Judicial Review Power of Supreme Court to declare a law unconstitutional Notes1
Slide 34 Notes1 3. Marbury vs. Madison, 1803 Midnight appointments of Adams. Chief Justice John Marshall Judicial Review Power of Supreme Court to declare a law unconstitutional Slide 35 Chief Justice John Marshall stated, The Constitution is either a superior paramount law, unchangeable by ordinary means, or it is on a level with ordinary legislative acts, and like other acts, is alterable when the legislature shall please to alter it. If the former part of the alternative be true, then a legislative acting contrary to the constitution is now law; if the latter part be true, then written constitutions are absurd attempts, on the part of the people to limit a power in its own nature illimitable. It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is If, then, the courts are to regard the Constitution and the Constitution is superior to any ordinary act of the legislature, the Constitution and no such ordinary act, must govern the case to which they are both applicable. Slide 36 3. Jefferson s Achievements: Secured westward expansion Louisiana Purchase Lewis and Clark 4. Defends our neutrality---freedom of the seas Barbary Pirate War 1805 France vs Britain Chesapeake Affair 1807 Embargo Act 1808 to 1809 Economic coercion 5. Hamilton vs. Burr Notes2
Slide 37 French Land in 1801 Great Britain after the Revolution. United States after War Spanish land New Orleans Slide 38 Map 13 of 45 Slide 39 War in the Old Northwest Territory The Miamis were defeated at Fallen Timbers by General Mad Anthony Wayne (1794) Several tribes, led by Little Turtle of the Miamis, scored early victories (1790 91)
Slide 40 War in the Old Northwest Territory Treaty of Greenville (1795) gave USA right to settle most of Ohio First formal recognition of Indian sovereignty over land not ceded by treaty Slide 41 1800, France acquired Spanish Louisiana & New Orleans Because of pressure from the west and national security threats, Jefferson offered to buy New Orleans from France Offered Napoleon $10 million to buy New Orleans If sale fails, instructed to seek alliance with England Slide 42 Anti-War and Anti-Navy (Pacifist) Went to war with Barbary Pirates in North Africa Built the mosquito fleet of naval ships Anti-British/Pro-French Almost allied with England and went to war with France to force Napoleon out of New Orleans. Against slavery Owned 200 slaves Strict Construction of Constitution Used loose construction of Constitution over purchase of Louisiana territory Jefferson realized that ideas are often hard to put into practice in a realistic world.
Slide 43 1. Washington s Presidency Served 2 terms---1789 to 1797 VP: John Adams 2. Problems facing US Debt Government on paper but not in practice British, Spain and Indians Confidence in new government 3. Accomplishments Created lower Political achievements courts to assist the Supreme Court Precedents Develops first Cabinet----Hamilton vs Jefferson Supreme Court---Judiciary Act of 1789 treaties notes1 Slide 44 Domestic Achievements: notes2 Secures westward expansion Jay s Treaty 1793---Great Britain Picnkney s Treaty 1795---Spain Debt solutions Excise taxes and tariffs Bank of United States (BUS) Farmers refuse to pay Enforced Constitution Whiskey tax to US Govt. Mobocracy Whiskey Rebellion Demonstrated strength of new government Foreign Achievements No war with Great Britain or Spain French Revolution---1789 to 1800---US response Neutrality Act---Washington warns = stay out Cornerstone of US foreign policy = isolationism Washington s Farewell Speech Two ways the US can stay unified and strong Avoid political parties military alliances with European countries Slide 45 Federalist Beliefs Alexander Hamilton Leader John Adams Manufacturers, merchants, Appealed to wealthy and educated. Favored seaboard cities Ideas of Government Domestic Policy Foreign Policy Strong government over states Loose Construction of Constitution Implied powers Wealthy and educated involved Limit freedoms of speech & press Preferred govt. similar to a king Supported National Bank BUS Protective tariff and excise tax National debt good for country National govt. assume state debts Tariffs should be high Opposed French Revolution Wanted war with French Favored the British political (former Anti-Federalists) Democratic-Republicans Thomas Jefferson James Madison Farmers and Planters common man Favored the South and West State s rights over National Govt. Strict construction of Constitution Expressed/Enumerated powers Educated but common man Upheld Bill of Rights as sacred Lesser government the better Against National Bank BUS Against Protective Tariff Against excise tax and National debt States pay their own debts Tariffs should be low Supported French Revolution Opposed war with French Favored the French