Welcome to History 44 The Mexican-American in the History of the United States II Prof. Valadez 1
Topics Mexico Lindo Generation or Immigration Generation 1900-1929 Mexican Revolution 1910 World War I Labor
I. 1848-1900 the 1 st Mexican- American Generation II. 1900-1929 Mexico Lindo Generation or Immigrant Gen. III. 1930-1964 Mexican-American Generation IV. 1965-1979 Chicano Generation V. 1980-2000 Hispanic/Latino Gen. 3
Mexican Immigrant Population 1900
Mexican Immigration to Permanent Residence, 1900-30 Mexican Immigration Total Immigration Mexican Share of Total 1900-10 49,642 8,795,386 0.60% 1910s 219,004 5,735,811 3.80% 1920s 459,287 4,104,209 11.20%
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Mexico-Lindo Generation/Immigrant Gen. Believed their stay in the U.S. was temporary Return to Mexico after the Mexican Revolution Extremely nationalistic Created organizations to demand for social and economic justice for their U.S.-born children
Porfiriato: Order and Progress Political stability was priority
Ricardo Flores Magón Enrique Flores Magón PLM 1906 Liberal Plan: 8 hour work day & 6 day work week Abolition of the tienda de raya Restoration of ejido lands Land & Liberty Tierra y Libertad 9
Francisco Madero 1873-1913 Apostle of Democracy 1910 the Anti-Re-electionist Party 1910 Oct. 5 Plan San Luis Potosi 10
Meeting between Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata Presidential Palace, Mexico City 1914 11
Doroteo Arango Pancho Villa 1878-1923 Bandit turned Maderista
Zapata 1879-1919 1911 Plan de Ayala Denounced Madero s presidency Restoration of ejidos (communal lands) Tierra y Libertad Land & Liberty
Aftermath of the Mexican Revolution About 2 million deaths 1917 Constitution Increase in nationalism Increase of public schools for rural areas Northerners dominate national government 1 million moved to the U.S. 14
Questions for Discussions Who is the author? When was it written? Is it a primary source or secondary source? What was the Plan de San Diego? When did it happen? What were the consequences for Mexican- Americans living in Texas? 15
"Los Sediciosos" (The Seditionists) Commemorates Events in South Texas, 1915 In nineteen hundred fifteen, oh but the days were hot! I am going to sing these stanzas, stanzas about the seditionists. With this it will be three times that remarkable things have happened; the first time was in Mercedes, then in Brownsville and San Benito. In that well-known place called Norias, it really got hot for them; a great many bullets rained down on those cursed rinches [Texas Rangers]. Now the fuse is lit by the true-born Mexicans, and it will be the Texas-Mexicans who will have to pay the price. Now the fuse is lit, in blue and red, and it will be those on this side who will have to pay the price. Now the fuse is lit, very nice and red, and it will be those of us who are blameless who will have to pay the price. Aniceto Pizana said, singing as he rode along, "Where can I find the rinches? I'm here to pay them a visit. "Those rinches from King Ranch say that they are very brave; the make the women cry, and they make the people run." Then said Teodoro Fuentes, as he was tying his shoe, "We are going to give a hard time to those rinches from King Ranch." Then said Vicente el Giro, sitting on his great big horse, "Let me at that big Gringo, so we can amble arm-inarm." The American replies, holding his hat in his hands, "I will be glad to go with you; you are very good Maxacans." Then said Miguel Salinas, on his almond-colored mare, "Ah, how disagreeable are these Gringos! Why don't they wait for us?" In that well-known place called Norias, you could hear the sound of firing, but from Senor Luis de la Rosa, all you could hear was his weeping. Senor Luis de la Rosa considered himself a brave man, but at the hour of the shooting, he cried like a baby. Then said Teodoro Fuentes, smiling his little smile, "Pour on the bullets, boys; what a beautiful fracas! "Fire, fire away, my boys; fire, fire all at once, for Senor Luis de la Rosa has besmirched his colors.
1915 El Plan de San Diego Basilio Ramos Socio-economic rebellion Texas Rangers & massive violence 300 dead
Causes of World War I 1914-1919 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x_faok4ump8 Nationalism System of competing Alliance 18
Map 19.3a Europe in 1914 19
Battle of Verdun 1916 20
U.S. Neutrality 1915 May sinking of British, Lusitania The liner Lusitania, pictured on a peace postcard 21
U.S. enters the War 1917 Unrestricted German submarine warfare Zimmerman Telegram https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wh5f-u2pvha 22
"Over There" by George M. Cohan http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iol2b0b9src 23
Native Americans African Americans Mexican Americans Jose de la Luz Saenz 24
U.S. Troops in Europe in 1918 Wilson issued the Fourteen Points in January 1918. 25
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1919 27
Selective Service Act of May 1918 Required men to register for the draft. 28
Mexican-Texans going to France to fight in 1918 sang the following song: the song was written in Spanish Registration 1918 The cards arrived at home for each verifying the registration those twenty-one to thirty-one. Good bye Laredo highlighted by yours towers and bells but we shall never forget your beautiful Mexican women. They are taking us to fight to some distant land and taking us to fight the German troops. They are taking us to fight in distinct directions and taking us to fight with different nations. How far is the journey over the waves great will be my pleasure if I will triumph. When I was fighting I would remember everybody and more of my poor mother that cried so much for me. Good bye dear parents and the lady I love when we are in France a sigh we will send you. Good bye Laredo highlighted by your towers and bells but we shall never forget your beautiful Mexican women." 29
Women Suffrage Jeanette Rankin of Montana, 1 st woman in Congress Nineteenth Amendment 1920 A 1915 cartoon showing the western states 30
Prohibition The campaign to ban intoxicating liquor had a variety of supporters and gained momentum. Eighteenth Amendment 31
"Los Tequileros" http://www.laits.utexas.edu/jaime/cwp4/esg/tequileroaudio.html The third day of November, What an eventful day! The rinches from the other side, killed three from Guerrero. They left from Guerrero with anis-flavored tequila, the direction they were taking was toward famed San Diego. When they arrived at the Rio Grande, they stopped and thought: "We better bring Leandro, because there are only two of us." They asked Leandro to go with them, but Leandro said he could not: "See, I am sick, and I don't want to go this way." 32
The Espionage Act of 1917 The Sedition Act 33
The Race Problem Who Is an American? 1911 U.S. Immigration Commission list of immigrant races 34
Eugenics which studied the alleged mental characteristics of different races, gave anti-immigrant sentiment an air of professional expertise. 35
Documentary Scientific Racism: The Eugenics of Social Darwinism Start from 49th min to the 59 th min http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3fmejdawqa4 36
Immigration Restrictions 37
Chinese Exclusion Act 1882
1904: mounted guards established to prevent immigrants http://www.cbp.gov/border-security/along-us-borders/history Mounted Watchmen 39
1907 Gentlemen s Agreement 40
Closing the Golden Door In 1924, Congress permanently limited immigration for Europeans and banned it for Asians. The law established a new category of illegal immigrant. 41
Table 20.1 Selected Annual Immigration 42
Mexican Migration
Steel Workers Workers needed in Pennsylvania M. L. Osborn (El Colorado) We need 200 unmarried men to go to Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa. Come quickly, if you are not working because we will leave in special trains on Friday. Good houses and good salary. We do not charge office expenses. Do not write; come ready to leave if you are a good worker. C.G. Garza San Antonio Labor Agency 1225 West Commerce St
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Mexican Schools 47
1920 Census 486,000 Mexican-born 252, 000 U.S.-born
Published 1928 1 st novel to use the term Chicano Chicano = immigrant 49
Ernesto Galarza 50
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Mexican-American Miners in Wyoming 52
Japanese-Mexican Labor Alliance Oxnard in 1900 grew sugar beets destined for the second largest sugar mill in the country nearby. Japanese and Mexican laborers were imported to work in the fields. When mill owners and bankers cut wages in 1903, workers formed the Japanese-Mexican Labor Alliance and struck. 53
Americanization Program CA 1915 Home Teacher Act 54
Chicano Residence Patterns 55
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1920s Economic expansion Partnership between business & government Business values 58
One day s output of Model T Fords 1908 Model T
A Decade of Prosperity 60
1926 CA Highway 101 Highway 66 (1926-1985)
A New Society Consumer goods of all kinds proliferated. Electric washing machines and Hoover vacuum cleaners 62
Women s Freedom 1920 The Flapper http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=udgj79petaq Charleston Dance http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zjc21zzkwoe 63
Advertisers marketed cigarettes to women as symbols of female independence. (left) 64
The New Woman The Sears Catalogue section for flappers! 65
The Flapper 66
Tipsy, a 1930 painting by the Japanese artist Kobayakawa Kiyoshi 67
Bobbed Hair Blues: A Mexican-American Song Laments Las Pelonas Los tengo aborrecidos, Y ahora las pelonas Los usan de vestidos. Las muchachas de San Antonio Son flojas pa l metate. Quieren andar pelonas Con sombreros de petate. Se acabaron las pizcas, Se acabó el algodón. Ya andan las pelonas De puro vacilón https://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=f6atdpd8cbw I detest, And now the flappers Use them for their dress. The girls of San Antonio Are lazy at the metate. They want to walk out bobbedhaired, With straw hats on. The harvesting is finished, So is the cotton. The flappers stroll out now For a good time. Source: "Las Pelonas" in Manuel Gamio, The Life Story of the Mexican Immigrant (New York: Dover, 1971), 308. 68
1923 Hollywoodland real estate development 1891- Kinetoscope- Patented by Thomas Edison 1st movie camera. The first studio appeared in Hollywood in 1911 69
L.A. Edison Hollywood Weather 70
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kd_yrnuukyy&feature=related 71
Warner Brothers Little Caesar - Official Trailer [1931] http://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=dblvjw8ul xy 72
Latinos Stars Ramon Novarro Lupe Velez Dolores del Rio