CSSS 569 Visualizing Data GALLERY 5: TURNING TABLES INTO GRAPHS Christopher Adolph Department of Political Science and Center for Statistics and the Social Sciences University of Washington, Seattle CENTER for STATISTICS and the SOCIAL SCIENCES
An example from work I did with Scott Greer and Elize Fonseca ( Allocation of Authority in European Health Policy, Social Science and Medicine, 2012) Chris Adolph (University of Washington) VISUALIZING DATA Gallery 5 2 / 15
Our data code the level of goverment at which European countries lodged authority over specific health policies DV: level of government federal, regional, or local Chris Adolph (University of Washington) VISUALIZING DATA Gallery 5 3 / 15
The policies are defined along two dimensions, policy area and policy tool: IV: policy area IV: policy tool pharma, primary care, secondary/tertiary care, or public health framework (L1), implementation (L2), finance, regulation, provision Chris Adolph (University of Washington) VISUALIZING DATA Gallery 5 4 / 15
We ask to which level (federal, regional, or local) a country allocates authority E.g., a country might use to finance public health Later, we will model the data to find whether certain areas or tools lodge at certain levels across countries, controlling for other covariates Chris Adolph (University of Washington) VISUALIZING DATA Gallery 5 5 / 15
For now, letʼs do a little exploratory data analysis (EDA) Is there even interesting variation in the allocation of authority to explain? Chris Adolph (University of Washington) VISUALIZING DATA Gallery 5 6 / 15
Problems with this table? 1. Poor distincton between dependent variable & covariates: cell entries code policy tools (IV), rows code policy areas (IV), columns code level (DV) Chris Adolph (University of Washington) VISUALIZING DATA Gallery 5 7 / 15
Problems with this table? 2. Alphabetical listing of cases is inefficient for comparison and detection of patterns of variation, such as clusters of similar countries Chris Adolph (University of Washington) VISUALIZING DATA Gallery 5 8 / 15
Problems with this table? 3. Coding system is opaque (L1? L2? etc.) Chris Adolph (University of Washington) VISUALIZING DATA Gallery 5 9 / 15
Problems with this table? 4. Table goes on for four pages! Hard to spot patterns Chris Adolph (University of Washington) VISUALIZING DATA Gallery 5 10 / 15
Finland Denmark United Kingdom Italy Spain Sweden Netherlands Austria Belgium Germany Poland Slovakia Estonia France Lithuania Latvia Bulgaria Hungary Czech Republic Swiss Slovenia Romania Portugal Malta Luxembourg Ireland Cyprus Greece Pub Health Provision Sec/Tert Provision Primary Provision Pub Health Implement Sec/Tert Implement Primary Implement Pub Health Finance Primary Finance Sec/Tert Finance Pharma Finance Pub Health Framework Primary Framework Sec/Tert Framework Pharma Regulation Pharma Framework Pharma Implement Available Levels of Government Observed Allocation of Authority Two Tiers Three Tiers Local Regional State Letʼs redraw the table as a heatmap Chris Adolph (University of Washington) VISUALIZING DATA Gallery 5 11 / 15
Finland Denmark United Kingdom Italy Spain Sweden Netherlands Austria Belgium Germany Poland Slovakia Estonia France Lithuania Latvia Bulgaria Hungary Czech Republic Swiss Slovenia Romania Portugal Malta Luxembourg Ireland Cyprus Greece Pub Health Provision Sec/Tert Provision Primary Provision Pub Health Implement Sec/Tert Implement Primary Implement Pub Health Finance Primary Finance Sec/Tert Finance Pharma Finance Pub Health Framework Primary Framework Sec/Tert Framework Pharma Regulation Pharma Framework Pharma Implement Available Levels of Government Observed Allocation of Authority Two Tiers Three Tiers Local Regional State Allocation of authority is highlighted as the shading of each cell Chris Adolph (University of Washington) VISUALIZING DATA Gallery 5 12 / 15
Finland Denmark United Kingdom Italy Spain Sweden Netherlands Austria Belgium Germany Poland Slovakia Estonia France Lithuania Latvia Bulgaria Hungary Czech Republic Swiss Slovenia Romania Portugal Malta Luxembourg Ireland Cyprus Greece Pub Health Provision Sec/Tert Provision Primary Provision Pub Health Implement Sec/Tert Implement Primary Implement Pub Health Finance Primary Finance Sec/Tert Finance Pharma Finance Pub Health Framework Primary Framework Sec/Tert Framework Pharma Regulation Pharma Framework Pharma Implement Available Levels of Government Observed Allocation of Authority Two Tiers Three Tiers Local Regional State Rows and columns code covariates, and are sorted by cluster analysis Chris Adolph (University of Washington) VISUALIZING DATA Gallery 5 13 / 15
Finland Denmark United Kingdom Italy Spain Sweden Netherlands Austria Belgium Germany Poland Slovakia Estonia France Lithuania Latvia Bulgaria Hungary Czech Republic Swiss Slovenia Romania Portugal Malta Luxembourg Ireland Cyprus Greece Pub Health Provision Sec/Tert Provision Primary Provision Pub Health Implement Sec/Tert Implement Primary Implement Pub Health Finance Primary Finance Sec/Tert Finance Pharma Finance Pub Health Framework Primary Framework Sec/Tert Framework Pharma Regulation Pharma Framework Pharma Implement Available Levels of Government Observed Allocation of Authority Two Tiers Three Tiers Local Regional State Rows and columns colors help detect patterns in clustering Chris Adolph (University of Washington) VISUALIZING DATA Gallery 5 14 / 15
Finland Denmark United Kingdom Italy Spain Sweden Netherlands Austria Belgium Germany Poland Slovakia Estonia France Lithuania Latvia Bulgaria Hungary Czech Republic Swiss Slovenia Romania Portugal Malta Luxembourg Ireland Cyprus Greece Pub Health Provision Sec/Tert Provision Primary Provision Pub Health Implement Sec/Tert Implement Primary Implement Pub Health Finance Primary Finance Sec/Tert Finance Pharma Finance Pub Health Framework Primary Framework Sec/Tert Framework Pharma Regulation Pharma Framework Pharma Implement Available Levels of Government Observed Allocation of Authority Two Tiers Three Tiers Local Regional State We did not sort by row color, so any emergent pattern is noteworthy Chris Adolph (University of Washington) VISUALIZING DATA Gallery 5 15 / 15