INSTITUTE OF SOCIOLOGY RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES THE VALUE HETEROGENEITY OF THE EUROPEAN COUNTRIES POPULATION: TYPOLOGY BASED ON RONALD INGLEHART S INDICATORS Vladimir Magun (maghome@yandex.ru) Maksim Rudnev (mrudnev@hse.ru) July 16, 2013 Ljubljana, ESRA Conference
THE PROBLEM Value measures for cross-national and cross-cultural comparisons (Inglehart, 1997; Inglehart, Baker, 2000; Inglehart, Welzel, 2010; Schwartz, 2004, 2006, 2008; Hofstede, 1980). Different kinds of value maps, Mostly using the country or culture averages. However People within countries are not the same, various measures demonstrate higher within-country than between-country variance Substantive aspects of heterogeneity were rarely studied in cross-national research.
«between-country differences dwarf the differences within given societies» Inglehart, Welzel, 2010, p.7 BUT SOMETIMES IT IS NOT THE CASE
Self-Transcendence - Self-Enhancement EUROPEAN COUNTRY AVERAGES IN THE SPACE OF THE TWO SCHWARTZ VALUE DIMENSIONS (MAGUN,RUDNEV, 2010) 1.00.80 Romania.60.40.20.00 -.20 -.40 -.60 -.80 Turkey Latvia Russia Ukraine Slovakia Czech Republic Greece Poland Israel Bulgaria Portugal Croatia Cyprus Hungary Slovenia Estonia Norway Ireland Austria United Kingdom Netherlands Luxembourg Germany Belgium Sweden Finland Denmark Iceland Switzerland France Spain 1 average standard deviation 1 average standard deviation -1.00-1.00 -.80 -.60 -.40 -.20.00.20.40.60.80 1.00 Openness to change - Conservation Data: European Social Survey, 2008-2009
PURPOSES OF THE STUDY 1) Demonstrate within and between- country heterogeneity by classifying Europeans into value types based on Inglehart s indicators; 2) Find the individual- and country-level predictors for the different value fractions of European population.
HYPOTHESIS 1 - There are three value classes representing value orientations in Europe
HYPOTHESIS 1 - There are three value classes representing value orientations in Europe Traditional - Secular-Rational Survival - Self-Expression Class 2 Class 3 Class 1
HYPOTHESES 2-3 2) All of the European countries are heterogeneous in terms of values shared by their populations, which means that each country has significant fractions of all the value classes; 3) Shares of value classes in a country population are different across countries and they are determined by the country level of economic development.
DATA European Values Study (www.europeanvaluesstudy.eu) 4th wave, 2008-2010 43 countries (representative national samples)
CLASSIFICATION METHOD Latent Class Analysis (Lazarsfeld, Henry, 1968). LCA is better than the other classification techniques: accounts for measurement error; uses explicit criterion of the number of classes; is a probability-based approach.
LATENT CLASS ANALYSIS IS BASED ON THE INGLEHART S 10 INDICATORS (TREATED AS ORDINAL VARIABLES) God is important How important is God in your life? [ not at all =1 - very important =10] Abortion is not justified Abortion is never justifiable [ never justifiable =10 - always justifiable =1] Not happy Taking all things together, would you say you are [ very happy =1 - not happy at all =4] Abstaining from petitions Signing a petition [ have done =1 Might do =2, would never do =3] Low national pride How proud are you to be (nationality)? [ very proud =1 - not proud at all =4] More authority Showing greater respect for authority is [ good thing =3, bad thing =2, don t mind =1] Obedience index It is more important for a child to learn obedience and religious faith than independence and determination [ 1 to 5] Homosexuality is not justified Homosexuality is always/never justifiable [ never justifiable =10 - always justifiable =1] Distrust General trust in people. [ Most people can be trusted =1, Can t be too careful =2] Postmaterialism-Materialism index Respondent gives priority to order and fighting prices over free speech and more say in governing the country [ materialist =3, mixed =2, postmaterialist =1].
MODEL FIT CRITERIA FOR SOLUTIONS WITH DIFFERENT NUMBER OF CLASSES # Classes Entropy AIC Adj BIC LL Npar P-value of VLMR test* 2.73 1471130 1471641-735478 87.000 3.65 1460938 1461706-730338 131.000 4.60 1456889 1457916-728269 175.521 Class 1, 40% Class 2, 37% Class 3, 23%
Traditional - Secular-Rational HYPOTHESIZED CLASSES CLASSES FOUND IN EUROPE* 5 4 3 2 1 0-1 Class 2 Class 3-2 -3 Class 1-4 -5-5 -4-3 -2-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 Survival - Self-Expression *The map is based on additive indices that use Inglehart & Baker, 2000 factor structure
Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Importance of God (10 very important) Obedience index (% of 4 and 5) Abortion is never justifiable (10 - never) National pride (% very proud) Respect to authority (% good) Materialists (order and lower prices) Postmaterialists (free speech and more say) Feel unhappy (not happy + not happy at all) Homosexuality is never justifiable (10 - never) Would never sign petition Distrust (one cannot be too careful) 5%10% 8% 19% 4% 9% 38% 32%38% 11% 35% 6% 7% 27% 10% 16% 24% 2% 29% 4% 34% 46% 65% 57% 55% 62%68% 45% 84% 52% 49% 72% 73%
Classes found: Class 1. Respect to ALL KINDS of authorities (God, nation, authority, obedience, religion) Class 3. Self-regulation (de-emphasis of all authorities, tolerance, trust, self-expression) Class 2. ---? Could not be described in Inglehart s terms Class 1 Class 2 Class 3
Description of European values may require alternative constructs: TYPES OF HUMAN ACTIONS REGULATION (types of social action) Class 1. Actions regulated by figures or groups at the higher level of social or religious hierarchy (Adorno, Riesman, Fromm and others) Class 3. Self-initiated actions focused on public interest, coordinated with peers equal in social status and reinforced by solidarity feelings (Touraine, Buechler and others) Class 2. Actions lacking most of both hierarchical regulation and horizontal self-regulation. Disoriented, anomic people.
Sweden Iceland Denmark Norway Netherlands Finland Luxembourg Switzerland Germany France Belgium Britain Spain Austria Czech Slovenia Ireland Italy Slovak Hungary Greece Croatia Portugal Poland Bulgaria Montenegro Lithuania Estonia Latvia Belarus Serbia Malta Albania Bosn&Herzeg Russia Romania Cyprus Ukraine Moldova Azerbaijan Kosovo Armenia Georgia 10% 8% 9% 9% 15% 12% 14% 19% 22% 16% 15% 24% 16% 21% 21% 25% 29% 33% 31% 34% 41% 44% 23% 29% 19% 30% 43% 36% 46% 36% 46% 42% 55% 39% 49% 37% 65% 35% 35% 39% 56% 58% 83% 46% 39% 36% 45% 50% 40% 36% 49% 35% 49% 41% 50% 71% 67% 66% 74% 72% 81% 79% 89% 83% 74% 71% 70% 66% 56% 55% 47% 46% 45% 40% 39% 37% 35% 32% 31% 30% 21% 18% 15% 14% 13% 11% 8% 7% 7% 6% 6% 6% 6% 5% 4% 4% 50% 34% 54% 43% 57% 28% 59% 59% 56% 40% 38% 13% 46% 25% 4% 4% 3% 30% 33% 25% 2% 2% 1% 26% 1% 18% 20% 10% 1% 1% 1% 16% 0% 0% 50% 100% 34 OUT OF 43 COUNTRIES HAVE SIGNIFICANT SHARES OF ALL THREE CLASSES. 9 COUNTRIES HAVE ONLY 2 CLASSES Class 1 Hierarchically oriented to submission and weak self-regulation orientation Class 2 Weak hierarchical orientation AND weak self-regulation Class 3 Strong self-regulation, weak acceptance of authorities and hierarchies
SHARES OF THREE CLASSES IN CATEGORIES OF COUNTRIES Nordic 11% 27% 62% Western 27% 34% 39% Mediterranean 41% 42% 18% Post-Communist 55% 39% 7% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Class 1 Hierarchically oriented to submission and weak self-regulation orientation Class 2 Weak hierarchical orientation AND weak self-regulation Class 3 Strong self-regulation, weak acceptance of authorities and hierarchies
EXPLAINING CLASS MEMBERSHIP REGRESSIONS, DEPENDENT VARIABLES: PROBABILITY OF BEING A MEMBER OF THE CLASS Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Age.003* -.0005* -.002* Gender (male=1, female=0) -.01.03* -.02* Education: primary (reference group) Education: Secondary -.08*.02*.06* Education: Tertiary -.13*.01.13* Small town (reference group) Medium-sized town (1.000-10.000) -.03*.01*.02* Large city (>10.000) -.05*.04*.01 Parents' education: primary (reference group) Parents' education: secondary -.04*.01.03* Parents' education: tertiary -.05* -.02*.07* Parents are supervisors -.02* -.01.03* Nordic countries (reference group) Mediterranean.28*.13* -.41* Western Europe.04*.12* -.17* Post-Communist Europe.39*.12* -.51* R-SQUARE.20.02.31 * Significant at p<.01
CORRELATIONS OF COUNTRY SHARES OF CLASSES WITH SEVERAL NATIONAL INDICATORS Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 GNI per capita, 2008 -.76* -.13.88* Birth rate, crude (per 1,000 people).36 -.46* -.11 Death rate, crude (per 1,000 people).07.46* -.34* Cause of death, by injury (% of total).11.41* -.12 Alcohol, total consumption.24.58* -.08 Suicide total -.09.47* -.12 * Significant correlations at p<.01 level
CONCLUSIONS Instead of Traditional/Survival, Secular-Rational, Self- Expression we found 3 other classes, sharing Traditional/Survival, Secular-Rational/Self-Expression values and intermediate, or disoriented class. Every class has a share in almost every country (with 9 exclusions out of 43 countries, which have shares of 2 classes only) Self-regulated people expectedly origin from economically more secure countries. Hierarchically oriented people are a perfect reverse. Disoriented class of Europeans is from intermediately secure environment (disconnected both from hierarchical and self-regulation). The country shares of disoriented class is significantly correlated with the symptoms of social disorganization or anomia.
Thank you for your attention! maghome@yandex.ru mrudnev@hse.ru