A theory of International Organization Liesbet Hooghe, Tobias Lenz, Gary Marks Table of Contents List of Tables List of Figures List of Acronyms 1. Introduction Situating postfunctionalism Plan of the book 2. Philosophical Foundations of a Postfunctionalist Theory of International Governance Scale and community in the provision of governance The sociality of incomplete contracting The constraint of national community The puzzle of international governance 3. Measuring international authority Measuring international authority Specifying the concept Unit of analysis Why formal rules? Dimensions of international authority Developing indicators Scoring and adjudicating cases A bird s eye view at delegation and pooling 4. The Basic Set-Up: How International Organizations Vary The basic set-up Theorizing variation in the basic set-up Scale and community Types of governance Key expectations Key variables Results
5. Why do some IOs expand their policy portfolio? Incomplete contracting and policy scope Key variables Policy scope Contract Community Controls Evidence Community and contract Trade Exceptional cases The Council of Europe United Nations The Commonwealth The Organization of American States The African Union 6. The Resistible Rise of International Authority Policy expansion Politicization Key variables Delegation Pooling Policy scope Politicization Controls Evidence Illustrative cases 7. Why States Pool Authority The scale hypothesis Evidence Illustrative cases 8. Five Theses on International Governance International governance is formal and informal International governance is contractual International governance is functional International governance is social International governance is politicized
Appendix Part I: Operationalization Part II: Variables International authority Policy scope Community IO Contract Politicization Trade interdependence References
List of Tables Table 3.1: Change in delegation and pooling compared Table 4.1: General purpose and task-specific governance Table 4.2: Predictions and findings Table 5.1: IOs by contract Table 5.2: Principal components analysis for Community Table 5.3: Community and contract, 1950-2010 Table 5.4: Explaining policy scope with the community-contract model Table 5.5: Community, contract, and trade policy Table 5.6: IOs by trade interdependence and trade policy Table 5.7: Community, contract, and trade interdependence Table 6.1: Change in bindingness and ratification in 76 IOs Table 6.2: Explaining change in delegation and pooling Table 6.3: A two-stage model explaining change in delegation and pooling Table 7.1: Cross-sectional models for pooling Table 7.2: Epistemic community Table 7.3: Membership and majority rule Table 8.1: Formal and informal governance Table A.1: Operationalization of variables Table A.2: Descriptives Table A.3: IO population in MIA Table A.4: Principal components factor analysis of delegation and pooling Table A.5: Correlation matrix of delegation and pooling Table A.6: Descriptives for delegation Table A.7: Descriptives for pooling Table A.8: Policy categories Table A.9: Descriptives for policy scope, core, flanking policies Table A.10: Historical ties among IO founding members Table A.11: Correlation matrix of three community measures Table A.12: Descriptives for politicization Table A.13: Distribution of politicization Table A.14: Correlations among measures of trade interdependence Table A.15: Descriptives for trade interdependence
List of Figures Figure 3.1: Measurement model Figure 3.2: A model of IO decision making Figure 3.3: Delegation and pooling over time Figure 3.4: Boxplots for change in delegation Figure 3.5: Boxplots for change in pooling Figure 3.6: Delegation and Pooling in 2010 Figure 4.1: The community versus scale trade-off Figure 4.2: The trade-off between scale and community Figure 4.3: Bimodal distribution of international organizations Figure 5.1: A model of policy scope Figure 5.2: Change in policy scope Figure 5.3: Community and contract Figure 6.1: A model of international authority Figure 6.2: Change in delegation by IO Figure 6.3: Change in delegation by IO body Figure 6.4: Change in pooling by IO Figure 6.5: Change in majority voting in 76 IOs Figure 7.1: The risk of exploitation Figure 7.2: The cost of decision making Figure 7.3: The scale hypothesis Figure 7.4: Scale and pooling Figure A.1: Policy scope over time Figure A.2: Average annual politicization by IO Figure A.3: Trends in politicization
List of acronyms acronyms ALADI AMU ASEAN AU BIS CABI CARICOM CARIFTA CCNR CELAC CEMAC CEN-SAD CERN CoE COMECON COMESA ComSec EAC ECB ECCAS ECOSOC ECOWAS ECSC EEA EEC EU GDP IACHR IADB IAEA ICAO ICC ICC ICPC IGAD IMF Interpol IO IOM IWhale Mercosur Full name in English Latin American Integration Association Arab Maghreb Union Association of Southeast Asian Nations African Union Bank for International Settlements Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International Caribbean Community Caribbean Free Trade Association Central Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine Community of Latin American and Caribbean States Economic and Monetary Community of Central African States Community of Sahel-Saharan States European Organization for Nuclear Research Council of Europe Council for Mutual Economic Assistance Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa Commonwealth Secretariat East African Community European Central Bank Economic Community of Central African States UN Economic and Social Council Economic Community of West African States European Coal and Steel Community European Economic Area European Economic Community European Union Gross Domestic Product Inter-American Court of Human Rights Inter-American Development Bank International Atomic Energy Agency International Civil Aviation Organization International Criminal Court International Criminal Court International Criminal Police Commission Intergovernmental Authority on Development International Monetary Fund International Criminal Police Organization International organization International Organization for Migration International Whaling Commission Southern Common Market
MIA NAFTA NATO OAS ODECA OECD OEEC OIF OPEC OSCE OTIF PAHO PCA PTA-ESA SACU SADC SELA SICA SPÖ/ÖVP UDEAC UK UN UNASUR UNESCO UNIDO USMCA WHO WTO Measure of International Authority North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement North Atlantic Treaty Organization Organization of American States Organization of Central American States Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development Organization for European Economic Cooperation La Francophonie Organization of Petroleum-Exporting Countries Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe Intergovernmental Organization for International Carriage Pan American Health Organization Permanent Court of Arbitration Preferential Trade Area for Eastern and Southern Africa Southern African Customs Union Southern African Development Community Latin American and Caribbean System Central American Integration System Social-Democrat party/christian-democrat party in Austria Central African Customs and Economic Union United Kingdom United Nations Union of South American Nations UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UN Industrial Development Organization United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement World Health Organization World Trade Organization