DEMOCRACY, RELIGIOUS PLURALISM AND THE LIBERAL DILEMMA OF ACCOMMODATION

DEMOCRACY, RELIGIOUS PLURALISM AND THE LIBERAL DILEMMA OF ACCOMMODATION

STUDIES IN GLOBAL JUSTICE VOLUME 7 Series Editor Deen K. Chatterjee, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, U.S.A. Editorial Board Elizabeth Ashford, University of St. Andrews, U.K. Gillian Brock, University of Auckland, New Zealand Simon Caney, Oxford University, U.K. Michael Doyle, Columbia University, U.S.A. Andreas Follesdal, University of Oslo, Norway Carol Gould, Temple University, U.S.A. Virginia Held, CUNY, U.S.A. Alison Jaggar, University of Colorado, U.S.A. Jon Mandle, SUNY, Albany, U.S.A. Onora O Neill, The British Academy, U.K. Sanjay Reddy, Columbia University, Barnard College, U.S.A. Henry Shue, Oxford University, U.K. Kok-Chor Tan, University of Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Leif Wenar, University of Sheffield, U.K. Veronique Zanetti, University of Bielefeld, Germany Aims and Scope In today s world, national borders seem irrelevant when it comes to international crime and terrorism. Likewise, human rights, poverty, inequality, democracy, development, trade, bioethics, hunger, war and peace are all issues of global rather than national justice. The fact that mass demonstrations are organized whenever the world s governments and politicians gather to discuss such major international issues is testimony to a widespread appeal for justice around the world. Discussions of global justice are not limited to the fields of political philosophy and political theory. In fact, research concerning global justice quite often requires an interdisciplinary approach. It involves aspects of ethics, law, human rights, international relations, sociology, economics, public health, and ecology. Springer s new series Studies in Global Justice up that interdisciplinary perspective. The series brings together outstanding monographs and anthologies that deal with both basic normative theorizing and its institutional applications. The volumes in the series discuss such aspects of global justice as the scope of social justice, the moral significance of borders, global inequality and poverty, the justification and content of human rights, the aims and methods of development, global environmental justice, global bioethics, the global institutional order and the justice of intervention and war. Volumes in this series will prove of great relevance to researchers, educators and students, as well as politicians, policy-makers and government officials. For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/6958

Democracy, Religious Pluralism and the Liberal Dilemma of Accommodation Edited by MONICA MOOKHERJEE Keele University, UK 123

Editor Dr. Monica Mookherjee Keele University School of Politics, International Relations & Philosophy (SPIRE) ST5 5BG Keele, Staffs. United Kingdom m.mookherjee@keele.ac.uk ISSN 1871-0409 ISBN 978-90-481-9016-4 e-isbn 978-90-481-9017-1 DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-9017-1 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

This volume is dedicated to the memory of my grandfather.

Acknowledgements The idea for this volume originated in the course of my involvement in a seminar series project funded by the UK Economic and Social Research Council on The Politics of Recognition and the Dynamics of Social Conflict. I would like to extend especially warm thanks to the coordinators of the project, Professor Shane O Neill and Dr. Cillian McBride, of Queens University Belfast, for their exceptional generosity and invaluable support. The specific workshop from which this volume arises was held in June 2008 at the University of Keele, and was entitled Toleration and Recognition in an Age of Religious Pluralism. For the smooth running of this productive event I thank the administrative staff at the Research Institute for Law, Politics and Justice at Keele. Particular thanks go to Jill Gordon and Helen Farrell. The event would not have been possible but for the paper-givers, most of whom have contributed to this volume. The participants, some of whom travelled a considerable distance to attend, ensured an excellent atmosphere of rigorous inquiry and robust discussion. In that respect I am especially indebted to Susan Mendus, Peter Jones, Maria Dimova-Cookson, Colin Tyler, Jane Krishnadas, Lieve Gies and Gavin Bailey. Thanks are owed to Deen Chatterjee, series editor of Springer s Studies in Global Justice, two anonymous reviewers for Springer, and to Neil Olivier and Diana Nijenhuijzen, who responded patiently and efficiently to my queries and provided invaluable and unstintingly sympathetic support throughout the process. Additional thanks are owed to Integra Software Service s Project Manager, Poornima Aishwarya, for her careful attention at the final proof stage. The final stages of the editorial work were completed during the spring of 2010. For their forbearance while I tried to combine my teaching and administrative duties with work on this manuscript, I am extremely grateful to my colleagues in the School of Politics, International Relations and Philosophy at Keele, as well as, in particular, to Zoe Pearson, Ambreena Manji, Jane Krishnadas and Brian Doherty on the course team for Keele s MA in Human Rights, Globalisation and Justice. Last but not least, I am grateful to Glen Newey for providing invaluable advice on the editorial process, at times from a considerable distance. vii

Contents 1 Introduction Liberal Democracy and Religious Pluralism: Accommodating or Resisting the Diversity of a Globalising Age?. 1 Monica Mookherjee Part I Religious Pluralism in Liberal Democracies: Toleration and the Dynamics of Social Conflict 2 Religions and Liberal Democracy: Reflections on Doctrinal, Institutional and Attitudinal Learning... 17 Veit Bader 3 How Not to Tolerate Religion... 47 Glen Newey 4 On the Muslim Question... 65 Anne Norton 5 Dealing Morally with Religious Differences... 77 Sorin Baiasu 6 Diversity and Equality: Toleration as Recognition Reconsidered. 103 Andrea Baumeister Part II Cases, Concepts and New Frameworks for Accommodating Religion in Liberal Democracies 7 Modus Vivendi and Religious Conflict... 121 John Horton ix

x Contents 8 Negotiating the Sacred Cow: Cow Slaughter and the Regulation of Difference in India... 137 Shraddha Chigateri 9 An Ex Post Legem Approach to the Reconciliation of Minority Issues in Contemporary Democracies... 161 Emanuela Ceva Index... 183

Contributors Veit Bader Department of Political and Socio-cultural Sciences, Department of Philosophy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, v.m.bader@uva.nl Sorin Baiasu Keele University, Staffordshire, UK, S.Baiasu@keele.ac.uk Andrea Baumeister University of Stirling, Stirling, UK, atb1@stir.ac.uk Emanuela Ceva Institute for Advanced Study, University of Pavia, I-27100 Pavia, Italy, emanuela.ceva@unipv.it Shraddha Chigateri University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; University of Keele, Staffordshire, UK, shraddha.chigateri@gmail.com John Horton School of Politics, International Relations and Philosophy, Keele University, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK, j.horton@keele.ac.uk Monica Mookherjee School of Politics, International Relations and Philosophy (SPIRE), Keele University, ST5 5BG, Keele, UK, m.mookherjee@keele.ac.uk Glen Newey Keele University, Keele, UK, pia03@phil.keele.ac.uk Anne Norton University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA, anorton@sas.upenn.edu xi

About the Authors Veit Bader is Professor Emeritus in Sociology in the Faculty of Social Sciences and in Social and Political Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities, both at the Universiteit van Amsterdam. He is involved in the IMES project Religious Diversity and Associative Democracy and in European projects on Toleration and on Secularism. His main research areas are: critical social theories; social inequalities and collective action; dilemmas of democratic governance and associative democracy; the European Union; polity, citizenship, legitimacy and public spheres; racism, ethnicity and citizenship; the ethics of migration and global justice; institutional pluralism and policies of multiculturalism and governance of religious diversity. Sorin Baiasu is a Lecturer in Philosophy at the University of Keele. His current research investigates the possibility of universal ethical and political norms in the context of pluralism and diversity. He is particularly interested in the tension between moral philosophy and metaphysics, and defends the project of a critical moral philosophy inspired by the work of Kant. He has edited a special issue of the journal International Political Theory on Kantian Justifications of Practical Norms. He has a forthcoming monograph on Kant and Sartre: Re-discovering Critical Ethics (Palgrave MacMillan), as well collections on the themes of politics and metaphysics in Kant and issues of practical justification. Andrea Baumeister is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of History and Politics at the University of Stirling. Her main research interests lie within the area of liberal political philosophy, with a focus on the challenges the politics of difference presents for liberal conceptions of citizenship. Her recent publications include Diversity, Unity and Constitutional Patriotism, European Journal of Political Theory (2007) and Gender, Culture and the Politics of Identity in the Public Realm, Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy (2009). Emanuela Ceva is Senior Research Associate at the Institute for Advanced Study of Pavia, and lecturer in political philosophy at the University of Pavia. She has codirected the European research project EuroEthos (FP6) and is scientific coordinator of the European research project RESPECT (FP7). She is completing a monograph xiii

xiv About the Authors on Managing Value Conflicts. On Procedural Justice in Pluralistic Societies (Italian version published 2008). Recent writings include articles in Political Studies, European Journal of Political Theory and Res Publica. Her research interests include political obligation and dissent, theories of democracy and equal respect, and issues of pluralism and justice. Shraddha Chigateri has been a Lecturer in Law at the Universities of Keele and Warwick. Her main research interests are on human rights and development, recognition and redistributive frameworks of justice, the politics of naming injustice and gender issues. She is the author of a number of articles on these themes, which have appeared in South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies, and Law, Social Justice and Global Development Journal. John Horton is Professor of Political Philosophy at the University of Keele. He has published widely on contemporary political philosophy, with a specific focus on concepts of toleration, multiculturalism and political obligation. His books include Political Obligation (Macmillan, new edition 2010); Literature and the Political Imagination (Routledge 1996 ed. with Andrea Baumeister); and The Political Theory of John Gray (Routledge 2006, ed. with Glen Newey). He is currently working on a series of papers on the political theory of modus vivendi. Monica Mookherjee is a Lecturer in Political Philosophy in School of Politics, International Relations and Philosophy at the University of Keele. Her main research interests lie in theories of multiculturalism, toleration, reconciliation and political forgiveness, as well as in contemporary feminist theory. She is the author of Women s Rights as Multicultural Claims: Reconfiguring Gender and Diversity in Political Philosophy (Edinburgh University Press 2009). Glen Newey is Professor of Politics and International Relations at Keele University, and is a visiting Research Fellow during 2008 2010 at Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies. He is the author of Virtue, Reason and Toleration (Edinburgh 1999); After Politics (Palgrave 2001) and Hobbes and Leviathan (Routledge 2008). His current research interests focus on liberty, security and toleration. Anne Norton is Professor of Political Science at the University of Pennsylvania. She has longstanding interests in identity and history, gender and race, colonialism and the American empire, and tradition and revolution. A recent publication is Leo Strauss and the Politics of American Empire (Yale University Press 2004). She is the founding co-editor of the journal Theory and Event.