International Journal of Social Sciences (IJSS) Vol.7, No.1, 2017 A Sociological Explanation of Social Honesty Effect on Political Participation (Case of Study: Residents in Gorgan in 2016) Aboutaleb Jafarabadi 1 Department of Social Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Majid Kaffashi 2 Department of Social Sciences, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Received 19 January 2017 Revised 2 March 2017 Accepted 28 March 2017 Abstract: This study was made to provide sociological explanation about social honesty effect on political participation. Since our community has undergone many changes during the time and considering that it has been changing from traditional society to a modern community, there is necessary need to have enough knowledge and recognition in context of quantity and quality of political participation more than ever.so that, political condition in one country, and in smaller classification as a city, can influence political awareness and behavior of people towards political and social issues. This study aimed at recognizing political participation and providing sociological explanation for social honesty effect on that. This research was performed in survey method and tools of study included the questionnaire. Statistical population included women and men aged between 18-65 years. Sample volume included 400 people in Gorgan city who were selected by stratified random sampling and they all were studied. Research results indicated that: there is relationship between honesty variables including speech and performing affairs, loyalty, and value behaviors and contacts with political participation. In addition, based on statistical tests performed on social-economic base, education level, age group and gender, it was identified that there is significant relationship between base, education and age groups with political participation. However there was no significant relationship between gender and political participation. In path analysis of direct and indirect effects of variables, results illustrated that maximum effect on political participation was related to honesty in behavior which included 0/248. Findings showed 0/084% changes in dependent variable are able to be explained by analytical model of path analysis. Keywords: Social honesty, political participation, social behaviors, social values, social loyalty. Introduction Social honesty is very important for society existence in order to handle community damages in a way that it provides mental peace and security. In addition, social honesty is very vital for achieving success in economy and increasing legality of the system and political and economic developments. On the other hand, we are witness of consistent reductionist approach in political participation in national and local extend in our society, so there is need to find reasons and to provide solutions. Considering World Bank s point of view, honesty, social trust and political participation are main aspects of social capitals. Political participation is main dimension of social participation while based on studies it was clear that this item is different from one group to another. And these changes are evidently different in social, economic bases, different casts and educational level, jobs, genders and ethnics and residential place of people. Statement of the Problem Political participation has had decreasing trend in the last three decades. This decrease in participation, especially in election participation, was more in border regions and multiple ethnic and religious provinces such as Sistan and Baloochestan, Kordestan and Golestan (khoshfar, 2008:1). Kavachi believed that if honesty as an element of social trust is in favorable extent in the society, it causes people to have more political and civil participation (kawachi, 2001, vol 1: 31). 1 Email: Ab.jafari52@gmail.com 2 Email: kafashi@iau.ac.ir (Corresponding Author) 79
Aboutaleb Jafarabadi; Majid Kaffashi In common and legal frameworks, political participation is considered as political development measures in whole world (Zire, 2000, first volume: 10). Based on Johnson belief, although trust is not personality characteristic, it is one aspect of relations that are changing continuously. Relation based on trust includes: 1- trust, 2-precision, 3- sharing, 4- collaborative inclinations 5- confidence (Johnson, 1993, stated from Ali Nazari, 2005, first volume: 12). There was a question that why some countries are more successful in all fields than another ones and Fokuyama answered that in these countries high levels of social capital such as honesty and trust motivated people for cooperative acts and provided the context for improvement and growth (Fokuyama, 2000, volume 1: 32). Based on seyyed Alireza Beheshti idea, honesty is main effective factor in social relationship and stability of the family and in broader context of the society (Beheshti, 2012, volume 1:8). As Seyed Mohammad Faghih Sabzevari believed, one main political dilemma is lack of honesty which is called lie, however lack of honesty in people acts and in social and political interactions is called fraud and hypocrisy (Faghih SabzevariI, 2012, volum 1: 25). According to Michael Rush opinion, participation acts based on specific training and instructions and it is affected by loyalty, emotions, respect and fear of political informants (Rush, 1998, volume 1: 89). As Allen Birou stated participation in continuous and dynamic issues has dynamic panel formed by values (Birou, 2001, volume 1: 133). Therefore, approving the relationship between two mentioned variables by Fokuyama (2000) and Beheshti, and Seyyed Mohammad Faghih Sabzavari, and Allen Birou and Michael Rush and Johnson showed that social honesty in a favorable extent causes more participation in political and civil participation. It seems that honesty as an explanatory variable in many different social, economic and political subjects can stimulate political behaviors and activities of people in the society and can share people in decision making and society activities without needing to improve their political knowledge. Since our society has been undergone many changes, it is clear that enough awareness and recognition from quantity and quality of political participation is necessary more than ever. Based on these explanations our research question is: what relationship is there between social honesty and political participation? Which aspect of social honesty has deep and stronger relationship with political participation? Is relationship of these two variables changed via controlling background variables (gender, education, and social case)? Literature Review Political participation Participation means applying personal resources to participate in a collective action. Social participation stems from group relationships and group structure in local and national scale and it is based on a process through which confidence and solidarity happens in people (Mohseni, 2003, volum 1:12-13). In political participation, Anthony Giddens mentioned participative democracy as a system in which decisions that have effect on people life are made by people collectively. On the other hand, Peterson (heath, 2001) defined political participation as attempts that are made for influencing on the society (Taj Mazinani, 2003, volume 3: 125). Religion is a main component of social and political movements in the community. Religion as an independent variable has main role in developing political participation and social participation. Religion effect in developing people participation is undeniable, especially in Islamic world. Ebn Khaldoon, outstanding Islamic sociologist, had statement about religion role in people participation: religion creates unity among different forces, disregards competitions and provides sacrifice spirit in people. This spirit leads to increase of participation and creation of great governments. If religious beliefs are destroyed by inclination of luxury, social unification gets unstable. (Eskandari and Alayi, 1999, volume 1: 6). Martin Lipset Martin Lipset in his book titled as union democracy which is written by collaboration of James Coleman and Martine Trow attempted to illustrate reasons related to lack of oligarchy affairs and existence of high participation in union organization. In the study and explanation of political participation, union democracy indicates that democratic decision making in union has led to development of secondary groups. By secondary groups they mean groups such as sports club, social clubs and other similar groups that are created in order to meet recreational needs and leisure times. About effect of occupation on political participation, Lipset stated that : activities that people perform under influence of their job has effect not only on personal participation of them in an organized 80
International Journal of Social Sciences, 7(1), 79-89 2017 communicative network of the society and their awareness about political issue, but also on their ability for getting involved in political action (Lipset, volume 2: 46). Huntington Huntington's believed that for modernization of the society, social forces need to be plural and added into family grouping, racial and religious grouping, occupational and the class grouping and also professional groups. Huntington's has put effort to explaine dynamic factors of modernization and development based on factors including authority wisely, differentiation of the structures and developing political participation. He implied that political system stability happens when political institutionalized of the system is met he also believed that if there is a balance between political institutionalized and participation demand, the system will be stable (Huntington, 1996, volume 1: 119). Elite theory In poetical sociology, elite political behavior is combination of rational and irrational behavior. Elite campaign is a rational fight for attaining power while mass mobilization for supporting elite politically contains irrational and emotional behavior so that main part of political life is based on these irrational behaviors (Bashirieh, 2003, volume 1: 66). In contrast, leaders have the ability of organizing themselves in a way that organizing is one main characteristic of elite. Minorities can organize themselves while rationally majorities are not organizable (Rush, 1998, volume 1:123). From elite oriented attitude, comparing elite and the crowds in political participation proves that population act upon their emotions while elite think and act upon their benefits in a rational way (Boshrieh, 2003, volume 1:70). Pluralist In pluralist paradigm, political participation and power implication is similar to what Maz Weber proposed. Based on Weber Herrschaft, political participation and gaining power are possibility of certain specific group of people in a plural action in spite of other people resistance (Boshrieh, 2003, volume 1:741). In pluralistic idea different and multiple power centers, interests and different social groups and completion of them at the results of social and political participation in political and social system are emphasized (Moin far, 2005, volume 1: 40). Marxism In political conscience and political participation, Marxism theory debates False consciousness in which people are not aware of their actual benefits because values of the society cause them to interpret truthfulness by mistake. So people apprehension and understanding has effect on their political behavior and lead them to depression instead of proceeding to act. On the other hand, from Marx point of view determinant factor in formation of political society and political activities is class differentiation. In Marx analysis, classes reflect capital governance (Rush, 1998, volume 1: 54). Political nature of one class becomes evidence only in challenge with another class. So these classes in fact are political forces which are undoubtedly as a political challenge. Every class struggle is a political challenge and every political challenge is class struggle (Marx, 1976, volume 1: 256, stated by Moin far, 2004, volume 1: 43). Social honesty Lexicological meaning is telling the truth and keeping promise, so in this subject truth is related to speech, intention and also keeping what it is promised and generally it is related to all conditions (Esfahani, 1994, volue 1:94). Ragheb Esfahani (1994) stated that: truth and untruth is mainly related to what is said either in the past and future or as a promise. In first case, it is just about speech and honest of a person that just obeys sincerity in his words, intention and in keeping promise. Honesty in speech and in behavior and in all aspects of life is moral and humane value. Today, in some undeveloped states lack of honesty has become a social problem which damage professional activities and social interactions. Lack of honesty in organizations threats group participation and it emanates as sedition, flattery, exaggeration, spying, covering faults, trickery, opportunism and so on which all are formed based on lie. Lack of honesty in the society change human force to lazy employees, slicker businessmen, secretive spouses, unconscionable physicians, professors without commitment, dishonest students, 81
Aboutaleb Jafarabadi; Majid Kaffashi traitor soldiers, irresponsible teachers, employees always in leave, discriminator chairmen, managers with fake certificates, Judges working on relations, burglar janitors, and. There was a question that why some countries are more successful in all fields than another ones and Fokuyama answered that in these countries high levels of social capital such as honesty and trust, motivates people to cooperative acts and provide the context for improvement and growth (Fokuyama, 2000, volume 1: 32). In common and legal frameworks, political participation is considered as political development measures in whole world (Zire, 2000, first volume: 10. Based on Johnson belief, although trust is not personality characteristic, it is aspect of relationships that are changing continuously. Relation based on trust is includes: 1- trust, 2-precision, 3- sharing, 4- collaborative inclinations 5- confidence (Johnson, 1993, stated from Ali Nazari, 2005, first volume: 12). Social trust needs factors including observable honesty, objectivity, competence stability, equity, and all other cases that develop people relationships based on consistent act in these factors. Thus, it needs to be regarded as a structure in which personality and personal aspects take into account in addition to cultural and social contexts, and also trust is imagined on continuum that its main components have chain relation with each other (1968,vol 1:85.Tocqueville). Based on Gidenz idea, distrust means having doubt or not believing in honesty claims that activisms represent that. In answering to why some countries are more successful in all fields than another ones Fokuyama answered that in these countries high levels of social capital such as honesty and trust, motivated people to cooperative acts and provide the context for improvement and growth (Gendenz, 2001, volume 1:119). Sometimes politicians justify their insincere and state that this honesty harms population more than dishonesty. So lie nature converts to prudential lie which is not false. Other times this prudence is inexpertly and people cannot accept that at all. This prudence is completely against their aims and take people trust away and has no positive effect (Faghih, Sabzevari, 2012, volume 1:13). Seyyed Alireza Beheshti believed that honesty in behavior and speech is main base that strengthen stability and alliance of people in the society. Honesty not only causes increase of self-confidence on one hand and creation of friendly relationships based on intellectual and mental interaction among people. Honesty in governments behavior in international politics can have positive and negative effect on a country and people destiny (Beheshti, 2012, volume 1:11). However in spite of appropriate conditions in a way that a person achieves sense of power towards changing status through political participation and rely on it, not also participation level is increase but also loyalty to the system that is based on legitimacy become deeper and more stable in nation mind (zire, 1990, volume 1:74). Abdol-Ali Ghavam phd mentioned to participation and its species in two book titled as criticizing modernization theory and political development and political development and administration reformation. In one book he mentioned to two kinds of participation including equipment and independent and in another book he mentioned to five other participation in which one element is means participation that its definition is close to equipment participation and mentioned explanation of people bondage by government in both of them. In defining equipment participation he stated that equipment participation is acting based on specific training and instructions, and it is affected by loyalty, feelings, respect, or fear of political elite. In this regard instead of taking role to people and sharing the in process of power distribution they effectively are bandaged. He defined means participation as in this process, political system bondage people in terms of its own aims and benefits he defined independent participation as in independent participation people effectively in process of political modernization and structural variation based on mutual trust that exist among people and elite take role. (Rush, 1998, volume 1: 90). Sociologists address culture in two distinctive aspects: A: objective reality including works that are met and all things that are obtained as the results B: realities that people live with. Participation in continuous and dynamic affairs is agile party that is formed by values. Thus, Linton could define actual culture as all behaviors of community members learned and it does not have personal status (Biro, 1991, voluem1: 78). 82
International Journal of Social Sciences, 7(1), 79-89 2017 Research Hypotheses Main hypothesis There is relation between social honesty and political participation. Secondary hypotheses 1. There is relation between honesty in words and political participation. 2. There is relation between honesty in performing affairs and political participation. 3. There is relation between loyalty and political participation. 4. There is relation between behavior and political participation. 5. There is relation between obeying values and political participation. 6. There is difference between gender and political participation. 7. There is difference between social and economic base and political participation. 8. There is difference between education level and political participation. 9. There is difference between age and political participation. Research Methodology In order to accurate explaining the problem, survey method was used. Survey method is descriptive and explanatory which studies current status including attitudes, beliefs, behaviors, and generally taking information about life condition and other cases that recognize and distinct people via selecting random samples which are representation of population and their answer to set of questions of questionnaire (Mirzayi, kh, 2009, volume 1: 85). This research studies the phenomenon in natural status and does not perform any experimental manipulation. Aim of the study is exploratory- inductive. In a way that variables are identified by primary studies of documentary exploration and then their relation are measured by hypothesis test. Statistical Population Statistical population included all men and women aged 18-65 who were living in Gorgan during research time. As participation age of people in consultative election and Islamic consultative assembly and presidency and leadership elite is 18 years while economic activity age is between 10-65 based on identified statistical standards and a person economic and social activities is formed in these age (http: //www.amar.org.ir., referred in 2016). Accordingly, age of people under study is determined 18 to 65. Based on statistics census and housing by statics center of Iran in 2006, Gorgan population is 343977 out of which 233238 are men and 229217 are women. According to this statistic 258700 are between 18-65 years old than 131940 are men and 126760 are men. Estimating sample volume In order to identify sample size, Cochran s formula was used based on which 384 people were selected as sample volume. In this study, we used stratified random sample according to the volume. Research population was formed by two distinct groups of men and women. The author increased questionnaires to 400 people due to possibility of not collaboration of respondents. Sampling method In this study, stratified random sampling method was used. Statistical population included two groups including men and women out of which women were more than men. When population structure is heterogeneous and when inside of population, classes or different groups can be identified with alternative population percent, stratified random sampling can be used. In this method, population of each class is divided into total population in order to obtain percentage of each class. Then obtained percent were multiplied in sample volume for attaining each class share. Data collection tools In this survey, in theoretic section, books, journals and another document were used. In filed section, verbal interview was made and required information was collected. Therefore, main tool of data collection was questionnaire. So firstly different questions were asked from citizens then questionnaire was designed. 83
Aboutaleb Jafarabadi; Majid Kaffashi Validity and Reliability of the tools Finding variables and standards for the concepts is requirements of research work and identifies that whether the standards are real and reflection of reality or not? This is called validity. In this study, in order to find validity of the research we used scientific resources, literature and exerts and professional s opinion then we distributed 50 questionnaires among men and women in order to correct it. For estimating stability we used Cronbach s alpha (by SPSS software). Firstly for questionnaire number 1 with Cronbach s alpha coefficient was 91.02 and after correcting it this coefficient was obtained as 94. In interpretation of alpha, its range is between 0-1. So the more this coefficient is near to 1 the more will be internal consistency. Usually alpha needs to be at least 0/70 (Mirzayi, kh, volume 1: 322). Method of analyzing data In this research, descriptive statistic was used for organizing and briefing, and stratification of raw score and description of data. For testing hypothesis, for studying relationships between predictor and criterion variable Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was used an for studying significance of one-way variance test was used and for investigating difference and multi variable regression was used for exploring simultaneous effect of independent variable on dependent variable and for path analysis complex hypothesis test was used. Description of variables This study estimated two kinds of variable including dependent variable with 13 item and independent variable with 5 item. For description calculated mean is from 1 to 1.79 which is indicator of very low, from 1.80 to 2.59 which is indicator of low, from 2.60 to 3.39 which is indicator of average, from 3.40 to 4.19 which is indicator of high, and from 4.20 to 5 which is indicator of very high in case of respondents with regarded items. Describing research results The variable of people honesty in speech was measured by which relative assessment of respondents was 56.5% and in average level, and average measurement of this item was 2.82 which all represent intermediate agreement of respondents toward this variable. Variable of people honesty in performing their affairs was measured and most respondents were average with 41.3%. Mean evaluation of options of this variable was 2.80 which is indicator of intermediate comment of respondents to this variable. Variable of people loyalty was evaluated and respondents assessed this with 40.5% in average level. Mean evaluation of this variable options was 2.89 which is indicator of intermediate idea of them toward this variable. Variable of people honesty was evaluated and respondents assessed this with 46/5% in average level. Mean evaluation of this variable options was 3.10 which is indicator of intermediate idea of them toward this variable. Variable of honesty was evaluated in worth encounters that most of respondents announced 34.8% comment and in low level. Average evaluation of all options was 2.97 which is indicator of intermediate comment of respondent toward this variable. Honesty level in different groups was assessed out of which family members with 4/44 was placed in first position due to very high level, and friend and relatives with 3.75 was in second position in high level and teachers and professors of university and information forces with 3/28 were placed in third position. On the other hand, honesty toward political groups with mean equals to 2.34 was assessed as low extent. Evaluation of social-economic base of respondents was made through which it was clear that most of respondents belonged to lower class and only 5 percent were in high classes. Statistical population was 204 women and 196 men. Based on measurement of political participation items, item of participating in election with mean as 3.97 in high extent indicates that people selected participation in future election in high rate. Average of all items of political participation as 3.19 indicated high rate of partition of respondents. Inferential statistics In this study, there are 8 hypotheses that were tested. In order to test hypothesis including relation between honesty in speech and political participation, Spearman correlation coefficient was applied. According to correlation coefficient analysis (0.109) with significance level of 0.029 there is relationship 84
International Journal of Social Sciences, 7(1), 79-89 2017 between honesty in speech and political participation of people. In hypothesis of relation between honesty in performing affairs and political participation based on correlation coefficient analysis (0.135) with significance level of 0.007 it is indicated that there is relationship between these two variable. In hypothesis of relation between honesty in worth encounters and political participation based on correlation coefficient analysis (0.146) with significance level of 0.003 it was illustrated that there is relation between these two variables. In hypothesis of relation between honesty in behavior and political participation based on correlation coefficient analysis (0.209) with significance level of 0.000 it was illustrated that there is relation between these two variables. In hypothesis related to difference between social-economic base of people and their political participation, one-way variance analysis was used. F value (1.670) was is significance level less than 0.05 and it was significant so hypothesis was approved. So there is difference between two variables. In hypothesis of people education level and their political participation, one-way variance analysis was used and F value (3.844) in level of significance less than 0.01 (0.000) illustrated that there is difference between two variable. For evaluation of difference between two age groups and political participation of them one-way variance analysis was used. For testing relation between people gender and their political participation chi square was used. Based on level of significance as 0.723 it is concluded that there is no relation between two variables. Regression analysis results indicate that out of 9 independent variable, seven variable including, honesty in speech, honesty in performing affairs, loyalty, honest in value behaviors and contacts, social-economic bases, gender, education, were eliminated from equation in regression equation due to not approving significant relationship and because of having less relationship with dependent variable. And other two variable including honesty in behavior with Beta coefficient of 0.248 and age with beta coefficient of -0.060 were remained in equation. Coefficient of determinant in this regression equation was 0.084. This coefficient indicates that independent variables can explain 8.4% of changes related to dependent variable which is political participation. Modified coefficient of determinant which was 0.060 indicated that independent variables explain 6.1% changes related to pp. in path analysis of direct and indirect effect of variables results of applying path analysis indicated that most direct and indirect effect on political participation belonged to honesty in behavior with 74.8% value. Accordingly, it can be predicted that people value honesty in behavior more than other variables in their political participation. Results indicated that 8.4% of changes in dependent variable are explained by analytical model of path analysis. So, obtained causative model as 91/6% which obtained from variance does not explain dependent variable and changes of political participation and changes of political participation is affected by variables out of analytical model. Conclusion This study aimed at investigating sociological explanation of social honesty effect on political participation. hypothesis included honesty in speech, performing affairs, loyalty, behavior, worth encounters, economic-social base, education, age, and gender of people which their relationships with these variables with political participation has been assessed. Ragheb Esfahani stated that: truth and untruth is mainly related to statement and honesty of a person that just obey sincerity in his words, intention and in keeping promise. In Morteza Motehari s point of view honesty in speech, in behavior and action, friendship, and relationship with self, god and other people is moral and humane value in all aspects of life. Accordingly, honesty of social groups was assessed and at results respondent s relative evaluation was 56/5% and in average level which mean evaluation of the item was 2/82 which indicated intermediate agreement of respondents about this variable. In testing hypothesis related to honesty in speech and political participation, Spearman test was used. Based on correlation coefficient analysis (0.109) with significance level equals to 0/029 in is concluded that there is relationship between honesty in speech and political participation which is compatible with Ragheb Esfahani and Shahid Motehari theories. Based on Shahid Motehari s point of view, today lack of honesty has become a social dilemma in undeveloped communities which damaged professional activities and social interactions. Lack of honesty in organizations behavior threats group participation. Fokuyama answered that in these countries high levels of social capital such as honesty and trust, motivated people to cooperative acts and provide the context for improvement and growth. Honesty of social groups in performing affairs 85
Aboutaleb Jafarabadi; Majid Kaffashi was assessed and respondent s comments equaled to 41.3%. Mean evaluation of this variable was 2.80 which indicated intermediate agreement of respondents. In this hypothesis Spearman correlation coefficient test was used for testing the relationship between performing affairs and dependent variable. Based on correlation coefficient analysis (0.135) with significance (0.007) it is concluded that there is relationship between honesty and performing affairs by social groups and political participation of people. As this hypothesis was approved so Shahid Motehari and Fokuyama theories are approved. Gen Zire in spite of appropriate conditions in a way that a person achieves sense of power towards changing status through political participation and rely on it, not also participation level is increased but also loyalty to the system that is based on legitimacy become deeper and more stable in nation mind. Dr. Abdol Ali Ghavam defined equipped participation: equipped participation acts upon specific trainings and instructions and it is affected by loyalty, emotions, respect and fear from political elite. The variable of people loyalty was evaluated and respondents answer was in average level as 40.5%.mean evaluation of this variable is 2.89 which is indicator of intermediate agreement of respondents. In order to test the relationship between people loyalty and their political participation, Spearman correlation test was used. Based on correlation coefficient analysis (0.138) with significance level of 0.006, it is concluded that there is relationship between loyalty of social groups and political participation. So Gen Zire and Ghavam tehories are approved. In political conscience and political participation, Marxism theory debates False consciousness in which people are not aware of their actual benefits because values of the society cause them to interpret truthfulness by mistake. So people apprehension and understanding has effect on their political behavior and lead them to depression instead of proceeding to act. In Seyyed Alireza Beheshti s point of view, honesty is a main concepts that has effect on social relationships in broad part of society. In Morteza Motehari s point of view honesty in speech, in behavior and action, friendship, and relationship with self, god and other people is moral and humane value in all aspects of life. Honesty in social group s behavior was evaluated and most respondents including 46.5% had intermediate agreement toward this variable based on mean evaluation equals to 3.10. In order to test the relationship between people honesty in behavior and their political participation, Spearman correlation test was used. Based on correlation coefficient analysis (0.209) with significance level of 0.000, it is concluded that there is relationship between honesty in behavior and people political participation. So Marxistism, Shahid Motehari and Alireza beheshti s theories in including that honesty in behavior of social group s increases people political participation are approved. As Allen Birou stated participation in continuous and dynamic issues, has dynamic panel formed by values. Fokuyama believed that collaboration in worth and informal norms among groups that have permited collaboration is at the results of trust and honest in one aspect. Sociologists define culture as a reality that people live with. Participation in continuous and dynamic affairs is a dynamic figure formed by worth (cultural models) so Linthen could defined real culture as all behaviors that are learned and have no personal state. Accordingly, the variable including honesty of social groups in worth encounters was evaluated and most respondents including 34.8% had low agreement toward this variable and total mean evaluation of this variable was 2.97 which indicates intermediate agreement of respondents. In order to test the relationship between honesty of social groups in worth encounters and their political participation, Spearman correlation test was used. Based on correlation coefficient analysis (0.146) with significance level of 0.003, it is concluded that there is relationship between honesty of social groups in worth encounters and people political participation. So Allen Biro, fokuyama and other sociologists and linthen theory are approved which included honesty of social groups in worth encounters increases people political participation. Martin Lipset in his book titled as union democracy which is written by collaboration of James Coleman and Martine Trow attempted to illustrate reasons related to lack of oligarchy affairs and existence of high participation in union organization. In study and explanation of political participation, Huntington's believes that for modernization of the society, social forces need to be plural and added into family grouping, racial and religious grouping and occupational and the class grouping and also 86
International Journal of Social Sciences, 7(1), 79-89 2017 professional grouping. He implied that political system stability happens when political Institutionalized of the system is met he also believes that there is a balance between political institutionalized and participation. In pluralist paradigm, political participation and power implication is similar to what Maz Weber proposed. Based on Weber Herrschaft, is the probability that certain specific commands (or all commands) will be obeyed by a group of persons in spite of other people resistance. In pluralistic idea variant and multiple power centers, interests and different social groups and completion of them at results of social and political participation in political and social system are emphasized. Based on Shahid Motehari s point of view, today lack of honesty has become a social dilemma in undeveloped communities which damaged professional activities and social interactions. Honesty rate was evaluated in different groups of society out of them family members with high mean value equals to 4.44 were in first position and groups of friends and relatives with mean as 3.75 which is high and placed them in second position and university professors and teachers with 2.34 mean as in intermediate level ware placed in third position. On the other hand honesty toward political groups with mean as 2.34 was low rate from respondent s point of view so it was placed in lowest position. According to evaluation of different groups it was illustrated that most maximum honesty among social groups with 4.44 which is very high was related to family members while it was in low level in political groups with 2.34 mean. According to these results, theories of Lipset, Hunitington, pluralism, and Shahid Motehari based on relationship between honesty of different social group with political participation were approved. Accordingly, the more honesty of social groups them more is political participation. Milbrath and Rush, Huntington, Lipset and other researchers have common attitude toward effect of social and economic factors on increase of political participation. Some researcher such as Marjer believes that relations between social class and participation is the strongest political sociological hypothesis which is approved by many experimental data. D.L Shet emphasized on income, job, education, and items of economic-social bases with urbanization and believed that effective organizational membership in political participation rate indicated that literacy is a very powerful and effective variable on participation level. Based on evaluation that made from social-economic base of respondents it is clear that most respondents (38.5) were low class. In order to measure difference of social-economic base of people and their political participation, one-way variance analysis test was performed. F value (1.670) had significant level less than 0/050 so it was significant and hypothesis of the study was approved. Thus, there is significant relation between social economic base of people and their political participation. however, based on Rush, Hantington, Lipset, D.L, Shet, Milbrath, and Marjer and Marx theories difference in social-economic base of people and their political participation was approved. Based on Huntington theory, out of dignity factors, people education level has most effect on political participation. D.L Shet emphasized on income, job, education, and items of economic-social bases with urbanization and believed that effective organizational membership in political participation rate indicated that literacy is a very powerful and effective variable on participation level. Measurement of education variable indicated that most respondents 34.5% had bachelor degree. Based on F value (3.844) which is in significance level less than 0.01 (0.000) hypothesis of the study was approved. So there is different between education level of people and their political participation. Hence, Huntington, Marjer, D.L, Shet, Rafie-por comments about difference in education level of people and political participation are approved. Michael Rush believed that political participation is different in all levels based on economic and social base, education, job, gender, age, religion, nationality, residence region, personality, political environment or a context that participation happens in. accordingly, age was evaluated as a variable while mean age was 38/30 which indicates that most participator aged between 39-45. For testing this, we used one-way variance test. After the test F value was obtained (2.401) with significance level less than 0.01 (0.000) so it is significant and hypothesis of the test was approved. As obtained results indicated that there is difference between age groups and their political participation. Based on hypothesis approve, Michael comment about difference in people political participation in different age was approved. Kent and Nioton believed that social trust and honesty has no strong relation with gender. In Sztompka s opinion, people trust and honesty is requirement of people life in new societies with emergence of urbanization and perhaps social trust and honesty has relationship with 87
Aboutaleb Jafarabadi; Majid Kaffashi gender, nationality, race, religion, wealth, cliché imaginations, and prejudgments. From Milbrath and Rush, Huntington and Lipset s perspective studies showed that political participation is different from one group to another. These changes indicated significant difference in economic, social bases, and social class, education level, jobs, genders, nationalities, and residency zone. According to mentioned theories, gender of respondents has been evaluated and for testing relation between people gender and their political participation Chi square was used. Based on significance level including 0.723 was illustrated that there is no relation between people gender and their political participation. According to Ken and Nioton theory, hypothesis based on lack of relationship between gender and political participation was approved. So Sztompka, Milbrath, Rush, Huntington and Lipset which was difference in gender and political participation was rejected. References 1. 21 comments, A., (2005), to evaluate the social trust school students in middle and high school parents Ilam, Ilam: Education Publications. 2. Anthony Giddens, (2001), politics, sociology and social theory, Tehran: Ney. 3. Bashiriyeh, H., 2003, political sociology, Tehran: Ney. 4. Coleman, James, (1998), the foundations of social theory, translation M. patience, Tehran, publisher straw. 5. Crest Mazinani, AA, (2003), the political participation of young people: size and dynamics, Tehran: Youth. 6. Electronic resources: 7. Fukuyama, Francis, (2000), the end of social capital and maintain law and order, GHA Tavassoly translations. Tehran: Iranian society. 8. Huntington. Samuel, (1996), Political Order in societies undergoing Dgrgvny.trjmh M. Triad, Tehran: Publication. 9. Jarollahi, O and Mohseni, (2003), community involvement, Tehran: Aarvan. 10. Kawachi, I. (2001). Social capital for Health and Human Development. The society for international Development. 11. Kvchnany, Ghasem Ali, (1997), Ethical Culture, Tehran: Publications Cultural Institute Alhvra. 12. Leader Sabzevari 12, (2012), written on behalf of honesty, Tehran: Iran. 13. Lipset, Martin and dose, Robert, (1994), political sociology, translation MH erudite, Tehran: Birch. 14. Mirzaee, Khalil, (2009), research, researchers and research writing, Tehran: sociologists. 15. Motahari, M., (1992), issue of recognition, Tehran, Sadra Publications and its impact on their participation in political activities in the school year 83-82, Orumiyeh: Publishing Education. 16. National port statistics, census of population and housing, Publish Date: 21/12/85: http: //www.amar.org.ir. 17. Nvrpvr, F., (2006), young people between 30-20 years of the trust and its effective factors in Tehran, Rodhen, Open University Press. 18. Outdoor, Alan, (1991), Dictionary of Ajtmay. trjmh Baqrsarvkhany. Tehran: kihan. 19. Raghib Isfahani, (1994), Materia Gharib al, Tehran: samt. 20. Roche, gay, (1988), social action, translation: AR Qa'ravi born. Tehran: National Youth Organization. 88
International Journal of Social Sciences, 7(1), 79-89 2017 21. Rush, Michael, (1998), society and politics, Introduction to Political Sociology, M. patience, Tehran: samt. 22. Rush, Michael, (2001), Society and Politics: An Introduction to Political Sociology, translation M. patience, Tehran: samt. 23. Say on, Irene, in (1990), director and political transformation in the Third World, translated by Ahmad TADAYON, Tehran: safirr. 24. Seyyed Alireza Beheshti in (2012) because people are not honest. Iranian publications. 25. Thought the club's website, quoting Kenneth and Nyvtvnf Publish Date: 6/4/1383: http: //bashgahandisheh.ir. 26. Welcome oven, G., (2008), the impact of social capital on political participation, case study in Golestan province, sociology thesis, Allameh Tabatabaei University, Faculty of Social Sciences. Supervisor: Mohammad Hossein Panahi. 89