Late modern religiosity in Slovakia: Trends and patterns Miloslav BAHNA Sociological Institute SAS Tatiana PODOLINSKÁ, Institute of Ethnology SAS Vladimír KRIVÝ, Sociological Institute SAS (Religion in Vienna: Urban Trends in a European Context, Vienna 20-21/11/ 2014)
Path DEPENDENT MODERNITY Country DEPENDENT MODERN PATTERNS of religiosity Post- Communist MODERNITY
STRUCTURE of presentation: 1. TERMINOLOGY (dimensions, level,types, and pattern of religiosity) 2. COMPARISON 3. CONCLUSION ( N a i v e M u r a l o n a b l o c k o f f l a t s f a c a d e i n R o m a h a m l e t, E a s t e r n S l o v a k i a )
1. T E R M I N O L O G Y - 3B- DIMENSION MODEL 1. BELIEFS 2. BEHAVING (practising) 3. BELONGING - LEVEL / INTENSITY of RELIGIOSITY 6 indicators (variables) from EVS questionnary = 7-points-scale of religious level) - TYPES OF RELIGIOSITY composition and dominancy of concrete dimensions of religiosity) - NATIONAL PATTERN of RELIGIOSITY (religious conformism)
R ELIGIOUS DIMENSIONS (4B model ) ( Vassilis Saroglou, 2011) 1. BELIEVING (beliefs) 2. BONDING (rituals, emotions) 3. BEHAVING (moral rules) 4. BELONGING (community, group)
R ELIGIOUS DIMENSIONS (3B model ) ( parsimonious model ; Detlef Pollack 2008, David Voas 2007, European Social Survey) 1. BELIEVING (beliefs) 2. BEHAVING (practice /behavior) 3. BELONGING (affiliation / identification)
Indicator DIMENSION EVS 1990 EVS 1999 EVS 2008 Belong to a religious denomination BELONGING q332a v101 v105 Confidence in a church BELONGING q545a v200 v205 Frequency /attendance at church BEHAVING q336 v105 v109 services Preying /meditation BEHAVING q368 v125 v131 Belief in God BELIEVING q355a v115 v119 Importance of God in personal life BELIEVING q365 v123 v129
2. C O M P A R I S O N COUNTRY LEVEL / INTENSITY OF RELIGIOSITY in 1991 1999 2008 Poland (PL) 5,2 5,0 4,9 Slovakia (SK) 3,5 4,1 3,9 Austria (A) 3,9 3,9 3,5 Hungary (H) 3,1 3,1 3,0 Czech Rep. (CZ) 1,8 1,8 1,7
INTENSITY LEVEL OF RELIGIOSITY, PL, SK, A, H, CZ (EVS 1990, 1999, 2008) 6 5 PL 4 3 SK A H 2 CZ 1 0 relig90 relig99 relig08
2.0 1.8 1.6 PL-belonging PL-behaving PL-believing 1.4 A-believing SK-believing SK-belonging A-belonging 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 H-believing SK-behaving H-behaving CZ-belonging CZ-believing CZ-behaving H-belonging A-behaving 0.4 0.2 0.0 1990 1999 2008
TYPES of RELIGIOSITY: based on 3B dimensional model A. WEAK: 3B weak weak believing, behaving, belonging B. STRONG: 3B strong strong believing, behaving, belonging C. strong believing D. weak behaving (practicing )
3. CONCLUSIONS Catholic pattern of religiosity (Pollack, 2008) frequency of church attendance and belief in God is above European level (STRONG Believing + STRONG Behaving) 1. Big differences between Catholic countries SLOVAK pattern of religiosity is more convergent with HUNGARIAN and AUSTRIAN pattern of religiosity than POLISH one. 2. The most divergent are POLISH and CZECH patterns of religiosity. 3. SLOVAKIA is the only country whith increasing religiosity (in all 3B dimensions) 4. National pattern of religiosity is stable (no religious revolution: neither strong evidence for secularization, nor desecularization) 5. Postcommunist modernization is country dependent, it is MODERNISATION of TRADITION.
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Late Modern Religiosity in Slovakia: trends and patterns in comparative perspective Tatiana Podolinská, Institute of Ethnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences Miloslav Bahna, Institute for Sociology, Slovak Academy of Sciences RELIGION IN VIENNA: URBAN TRENDS IN A EUROPEAN CONTEXT, Vienna, 20-21 November, 2014 Corrected version: 19.12.2014
Part II. Explaining different levels of religiosity: The connection between individual levels of religiosity and basic social and demographic characteristics
Outline Religiosity measured by the religiosity index developed in Krivý Podolínska Bahna (2013) How well can age, education, gender and settlement size explain the level of religiosity OLS models for 24 countries in the EVS with values from 1990, 1999 and 2008
1990 2008: A trend towards secularisation? Divergent patterns among 24 countries: 11x monotonous drop between 1990 2008 7x rise between 1990 2008
1990 1999 2008 Czech Republic 1,834 1,807 1,715 France 2,724 2,573 2,337 Sweden 2,441 2,693 2,441 Great Britain 3,034 3,125 2,689 Belgium 3,177 3,126 2,719 Netherlands 2,913 2,772 2,811 Germany 3,326 3,144 2,959 Norway 3,201 3,003 Hungary 3,077 3,051 3,042 Denmark 2,904 3,149 3,078 Bulgaria 1,831 2,835 3,128 Slovenia 3,013 2,962 3,159 Spain 3,893 3,673 3,220 Finland 2,864 3,742 3,254 Iceland 3,618 3,658 3,434 Austria 3,881 3,870 3,495 Slovak Republic 3,519 4,130 3,865 Portugal 3,764 4,562 3,883 Northern Ireland 4,760 4,425 4,218 Ireland 5,103 4,639 4,303 Italy 4,333 4,453 4,322 Poland 5,228 5,014 4,862 Romania 4,506 4,953 5,021 Malta 5,478 5,426 5,274 Total 3,517 3,643 3,426
Variance explained by age, gender, education and size of settlement (R 2 )
1990 1999 2008 Diff. Portugal 0,247 0,138 0,114-0,133 Slovak Republic 0,225 0,144 0,108-0,118 Hungary 0,255 0,214 0,143-0,112 Romania 0,180 0,165 0,072-0,108 Denmark 0,176 0,127 0,091-0,085 Slovenia 0,199 0,154 0,117-0,081 Czech Republic 0,173 0,087 0,095-0,079 Austria 0,192 0,134 0,114-0,077 Finland 0,128 0,144 0,053-0,075 Northern Ireland 0,181 0,107 0,113-0,068 Belgium 0,170 0,114 0,104-0,066 Great Britain 0,167 0,083 0,103-0,063 France 0,152 0,067 0,111-0,041 Germany 0,154 0,094 0,117-0,036 Sweden 0,076 0,085 0,048-0,028 Bulgaria 0,106 0,078 0,079-0,027 Malta 0,127 0,120 0,102-0,025 Ireland 0,183 0,234 0,176-0,007 Netherlands 0,085 0,086 0,078-0,007 Italy 0,121 0,119 0,119-0,002 Norway 0,125 0,133 0,008 Spain 0,218 0,213 0,227 0,009 Poland 0,099 0,068 0,119 0,020 Latvia 0,142 0,116 Lithuania 0,227 0,145 Estonia 0,113 0,159 0,163 0,130 0,114
Explanation power of age, gender, education and settlement size is decreasing in most European countries (from 0.163 in 1990 to 0.114 in 2008) Gender is stable Importance of age and settlement size is decreasing Education is weak and ambivalent
Explanation power of age
1990 1999 2008 diff. Hungary 0,412 0,285 0,246-0,166 Czech Republic 0,390 0,255 0,231-0,159 Bulgaria 0,159 0,149 0,002-0,156 Denmark 0,295 0,268 0,141-0,154 Portugal 0,203 0,155 0,063-0,140 Slovak Republic 0,270 0,227 0,173-0,098 Germany 0,328 0,245 0,234-0,094 France 0,377 0,227 0,289-0,088 Romania 0,239 0,168 0,153-0,086 Sweden 0,218 0,187 0,134-0,083 Finland 0,242 0,260 0,162-0,080 Belgium 0,372 0,300 0,296-0,075 Spain 0,401 0,364 0,363-0,038 Netherlands 0,202 0,227 0,164-0,038 Great Britain 0,335 0,228 0,299-0,036 Slovenia 0,110 0,150 0,091-0,019 Italy 0,195 0,175 0,179-0,016 Malta 0,247 0,277 0,259 0,012 Norway 0,292 0,313 0,021 Austria 0,204 0,196 0,240 0,035 Northern Ireland 0,281 0,293 0,343 0,062 Ireland 0,292 0,420 0,389 0,097 Poland 0,081 0,055 0,189 0,108 Latvia 0,162 0,179 Estonia 0,221 0,234 Lithuania 0,332 0,263 0,267 0,233 0,216
Explanation power of settlement size
1990 1999 2008 Austria -0,377-0,280-0,119 Belgium -0,170-0,059 0,058 Bulgaria -0,013-0,019-0,119 Czech Republic -0,091-0,061-0,013 Denmark -0,160-0,050-0,108 Estonia 0,040 0,211 Finland -0,037-0,104-0,118 France 0,026 0,075 0,109 Germany -0,103-0,078-0,109 Hungary -0,094-0,228-0,190 Ireland -0,169-0,180-0,047 Italy -0,097-0,152-0,125 Latvia 0,063 0,137 Lithuania -0,041 0,049 Malta 0,051 0,035 0,073 Netherlands -0,135-0,107-0,145 Norway -0,090-0,068 Poland -0,155-0,128-0,196 Portugal -0,210-0,098-0,148 Romania -0,126-0,155-0,127 Slovak Republic -0,278-0,168-0,157 Slovenia -0,241-0,233-0,168 Spain -0,063-0,067 0,012 Sweden -0,077-0,066-0,013 Great Britain -0,004 0,026 0,073 Northern Ireland -0,088 0,036-0,081-0,117-0,080-0,051
Summary Basic demographic variables are loosing their power explaining religiosity is this individualisation? Only gender is stable, women are more religious across Europe without exception, no change between 1990 2008 Loosing the young and loosing the countryside can lead to increasing explanatory power (i.e. Poland, Ireland, Northern Ireland)