A/449268 classics Series Editor: Alan Ware University of Oxford parties and party systems a framework for analysis Giovanni Sartori with a new preface by the author and an introduction by Peter Mair
contents page Tables and Figures Abbreviations New preface by the author Introduction by Peter Mair Preface vii ix xi xiii xxi PART ONE: THE RATIONALE: WHY PARTIES? 1 Chapter one: The party as part 3 1. From faction to party 3 2. Pluralism 12 3. Responsible and responsive government 16 4. A rational i sation 21 Chapter two: The party as whole 35 1. No-party versus one-party 35 2. The party-state system 38 3. One-party pluralism 42 Chapter three: The preliminary framework 50 1. Channelment, communication, expression 50 2. The minimal definition 52 3. An overview 57 Chapter four: The party from within 63 1. Fractions, factions, and tendencies 63 2. A scheme of analysis 66 3. Southern politics: 'Factions' without parties? 72 4. Italy and Japan: Fractions within parties 78 5. The structure of opportunities 82 6. From party to faction 92
PART TWO: PARTY SYSTEMS 103 Chapter five: The numerical criterion 105 1. The issue 105 2. Rules for counting 107 3. A two-dimensional mapping 110 Chapter six: Competitive systems 116 1. Polarised pluralism 116 2. Testing the cases, 128 3. Moderate pluralism and segmented societies 154 4. Twoparty systems 164 5. Predominant-party systems 171 Chapter seven: Non-competitive systems 193 1. Where competition ends 193 2. Single party 197 3. Hegemonic party 204 Chapter eight: Fluid polities and quasi-parties 217 1. Methodological cautions 217 2. The African labyrinth 221 3. Ad hoc categorising 226 4. The boomerang effect 236 Chapter nine: The overall framework 243 1. System change, continuum, and discontinuities 243 2. Mapping function and explanatory power 251 3. From classification to measurement 261 4. Measuring relevance 267 5. Numbers and size: The index of fractionalisation 271 6. Combining the nominal and mathematical routes 281 Chapter ten: Spatial competition 289 1. The Downsian theory revisited 289 2. Issues, identification, images, and positions 292 3. Multidimensional, unidimensional, and ideological space 297 4. The direction of competition 305 Index 319
I tables and figures page Table 1 From responsible government to party government 18 Table 2 Breakdowns and typology of party fractions 72 Table 3 Patterns, classes, and types of multipartism 112 Figure 4 Countries plotted by power dispersion of party systems 113 Table 5 Netherlands: Electoral returns 1946-1972 132 Table 6 Denmark: Electoral returns 1945-1975 133 Table 7 Israel: Aggregate electoral returns 1949-1973 135 Table 8 Weimar Republic: Electoral returns (Reichstag) 138 Table 9 Italy: Electoral returns 1946-1972 (low chamber) and regional elections of 1975 138 Table 10 France: Electoral returns 1945-1973 (low chamber) 140 Table 11 Chile: Electoral returns 1945-1973 (congress) 143 Table 12 Finland: Electoral returns 1945-1975 145 Table 13 Table 14 Spanish Republic, 1931-1936 (left-to-right aggregations in seats) 145 Linear trends (regression coefficients) of aggregatereturns in seven polarised polities 146 Figure 15 Trends in the Weimar Republic 147 Figure 16a Trends in Italy 148 Figure 16b Italy, Leftward centrifugation 149 Figure 16c Italy, Rightward centrifugation 149 Figure 17a France, aggregate returns 1945-1973 150 Figure 17b Trends in France 1945-1973 150 Figure 18 Trends in Chile 151 Figure 19 Trends in Finland 152 Figure 20 Spain 1931-1936 (aggregate electoral distributions) 153 Table 21 Norway: Returns and seats 1945-1973 {Storting) 155 Table 22 Sweden: Returns and seats 1948-1973 157 Table 23 Belgium: Electoral returns 1894-1974 (low chamber) 162 Table 24 Belgium: Governmental coalitions 1946-1974 164 Table 25 Countries with dominant parties 172 Table 26 Dominant parties and predominant systems 176 Table 27 Characteristics of single-party states by types and criteria 202 Table 28 Mexico: Elections 1958-1973 (low chamber) 207 Table 29 Coups in Africa (independence to 1975) 222 Table 30 From fluidity to crystallisation (correspondences) 230 Table 31 Independent Africa: Sequences of political patterns in Table 32 thirty-nine countries 233-5 Turkey: Percentages and seats in national assembly 1946-1973 248
Table 33 Typology of party polities 252 Table 34 The simplified structural scheme 254 Table 35 The overall framework 258-9 Figure 36 The simplified model 260 Table 37 Fragmentation of governmental coalitions in eighteen countries (systemic averages 1946-1974 circa) 270 Table 38 Cumulative percentages of selected countries 272 Table 39 Average vote and seats of any first two parties (percentages) in twenty-four democracies 1945-1973 273 Figure 40 Quadratic performance of F index and possible correction 275 Table 41 Party fractionalisation (worldwide) compared with taxonomy 278-9 Table 42 Party fractionalisation of twenty-six democracies (mean and median) 1945-1973 280 Table 43 Comparison of typology and fractionalisation scores (mean) of twenty-five democracies 281 Figure 44 A multidimensional space 300 Figure 45 Variations of a two-dimensional party space according to centrality 303 Figure 46 Schemes of centripetal competition 308 Figure 47 Centrifugal competition 311