Limnologica 35 (2005) 45 51 www.elevie.de/limno Towad a long-tem monitoing of Cental Euoean wate mite fauna (Acai: Hydachnidia and Halacaidae) conideation on the backgound of data fom 1900 to 2000 Reinhad Geecke, Ewin O. Lehmann Bieinget. 11, D 72070 Tübingen, Gemany Received 16Augut 2004; acceted 19 Setembe 2004 Abtact The tate of knowledge of the Cental Euoean wate mite fauna and the eeach hitoy ae biefly uveyed. Seveal aea fo which we ae ovided with ich data et ae of high value fo the monitoing of faunitic tend on the backgound of local and global envionmental change. The need fo a databae combining hitoical and actual faunitic infomation i teed. It hould facilitate the acce to all data fom fome time, give a uvey on actual activitie by egula udate, and hel fo a bette oganization of futue eeach activitie. On the bae of an udate of the Limnofauna Euoaea (K.O. Viet 1978, Geecke in www.watemite.og) a fit attemt i made to (1) ecognize change in the Cental Euoean fauna duing the at 100 yea; (2) emhaize ecie which may be endangeed o have diaeaed duing the at 100 yea. At the eent tate of knowledge, the degee of theat to wate mite ecie in thi aea i bet calculated fom thei efeence fo aticula habitat tye which ae ae and in dange to diaea in cultivated landcae. Ou knowledge concening neozoic wate mite in the tudy aea i dicued. 2005 Elevie GmbH. All ight eeved. Keywod: Databae; Diveity; Endangeed ecie; Extinction; Faunitic; Neozoan; Red Lit Intoduction The wate mite fauna of Gemany and it uounding countie ha been ubject to intene invetigation ince the at decade of the 19th centuy, but fo the mot at with a atchy intenity. Only fo the nothen ovince Niedeachen, Schlewig-Holtein including the autonomou town tate of Bemen and Hambug ha a long-tem tadition been etablihed, thi thank to the activitie of the acaological chool of Koenike/ Coeonding autho. Tel.: +49 (0)7071 49410. E-mail adde: einhad.geecke@uni-tuebingen.de (R. Geecke). Viet and Bo ttge fom 1880 until eent day (e.g. K. Viet 1959). Similaly, in Switzeland an extended eiod of uch tudie lated fom the time of Halle until the late Cal Bade, 1880 1990 (e.g., Bade 1975). Fo thee futhe Geman ovince, Baden-Wu ttembeg, Bayen and Sachen, we ae ovided with data eulting motly fom limited eiod of eeach, and eticted to delimited geogahical unit (ee below, chate Localized ecie ). All othe adminitative unit of the county, the ovince of Bandenbug (with Belin), Mecklenbug-Voommen, Nodhein- Wetfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Saaland, Sachen-Anhalt, Rheinland-Pfalz, Thu ingen, ae documented only by 0075-9511/$ - ee font matte 2005 Elevie GmbH. All ight eeved. doi:10.1016/j.limno.2004.09.001
46 R. Geecke, E.O. Lehmann / Limnologica 35 (2005) 45 51 catteed data, often with little ignificance. Fo the Autian fauna a catalogue ha been ublihed (K.O. Viet 1958), but i now outdated; fo the fauna of all othe Cental Euoean countie conideed hee (Gemany, Switzeland, Denmak) no attemt ha eviouly been made fo comilation and udating the infomation available fom bibliogahy and ecent eeach. In the coue of an invetigation on a ich mateial of wate mite collected by Wene Ja ntch in Sachen duing the econd half of the at centuy (Geecke, Ja ntch, & Scheibe, in e), the need fo a well oganized bae combining both ditibutional and ecological data fo the fauna of Gemany became evident. Within the coe of thi eeach, we tated an intene bibliogahic and faunitic eeach and extended it to a eliminay uvey on the tate of the at in Cental Euoe a a whole. The aim of thi ae ae: (1) to eent biefly the main te of invetigation on the diveity of wate mite in Gemany fom the vey beginning to eent date; (2) to give inight into ome notewothy zoogeogahic detail emeging fom the analyi of the udated Limnofauna Euoaea (K.O. Viet 1978); (3) to dicu the oibilitie of Red Lit of theatened ecie in the evaluation of the natual tate of the envionment in Cental Euoe. Fo the analyi of the eviouly ublihed knowledge about the fauna of the invetigated aea, a efeence databae wa built u fom the bibliogahie ublihed by K. Viet (1955, 1956) and K.O. Viet (1982, 1987), and adding all moe ecent ublication concening the wate mite fauna of Gemany. The faunitic data available fom Pieig (1896 1899) and K. Viet (1936) wee comiled. Since K. Viet (1936) no autho made an attemt to give a uvey of the wate mite fauna with egad to the diffeential ditibution of ecie in the adminitative aea of Gemany in fact we do not know the exact numbe of ecie eent in the county. In ode to have an infomation bae about ou eent knowledge of Cental Euoe, the table of Limnofauna Euoaea (K.O. Viet 1978) wee udated fom ecent bibliogahy, and all data wee extacted which egad the limnofauna egion 4 (Al), 9 (Cental Mittelgebige) and 14 (Cental lowland). Thi mean that the comaed aea i conideably lage than the teitoy of Gemany at the tate of 1989 and include alo Switzeland, The Netheland, and outhen Scandinavia. The data fom all ublication wee bought to the eently acceted tate of taxonomy following the catalogue of Viet (1987) and all ae ublihed theeafte. The databae i available at the Intenet age www.watemite.og. Reult and dicuion: the Geman wate mite fauna Gowth of faunitic knowledge 1900 2000 Table 1 give an oveview of the develoment of knowledge about the Geman wate mite fauna duing the at centuy. In ix volume ublihed 1896 1899, Pieig wa the fit autho to eent a eviion of the tate of knowledge about wate mite in Gemany. The tudy aea of hi wok obviouly included eveal aea, which afte the olitical change duing the 20th centuy now belong to Poland and Ruia, but he gave alo geogahical efeence egading bodeing countie (Autia, Czech Reublic, Switzeland). He teated a total numbe of 171 actually acceted ecie of which 17 wee known fom bodeing countie only; howeve, mot of thee (15) have late been added to the known Geman fauna. At that time, due to Pieig activitie, Sachen had become the focal oint of faunitic knowledge: globally, 69% of the Geman ecie wee ecoded fom thi fedeal tate, the knowledge of all othe tate of the county wa canty. Until the next detailed teatment of thi fauna by K. Viet (1936), thank to intene wok motly done in the nothen fedeal tate, the ecie numbe inceaed by moe than 100%. A futhe inceae of knowledge imila in dimenion i ecoded afte the following fou decade, mainly thank to the dicovey of numeou additional taxa in the hyoheic intetitial habitat, and to moe intenive invetigation of outhen Gemany (K.O. Viet 1978). The fact that an udate of thi databae following futhe 25 yea of eeach eult in a light inceae by 14 ecie only (thee of them belonging to Stygothombium, a genu not included into the eviou uvey), indicate that we have now eached a eliable etimation of the wate mite ecie numbe in Cental Euoe (ee Table 1, lat column). The total numbe of 584 ecie calculated fom the limnofauna egion 4, 9 and 14 include eveal ecie eticted to the cental and outhen Al. Fo the national teitoy of Gemany, an etimate of a total ecie numbe of about 550 aea aoiate. The fact that wate mite, notwithtanding thei vey high contibution to the geneal diveity of the team zoobentho, ae o fequently ignoed in limnological tudie obviouly eult fom non-innovative chematim in eeach deign. Fo eveal Euoean countie we ae ovided with check lit documenting thei national wate mite fauna in moe o le detail (Bitih Iland: Gledhill & Viet 1976; Italy: Benini, Catagnoli, & Nannelli 1995; Poland: Bieiadka 1997; Sain: Valdecaa 1988; Sweden: Lundblad 1968; The Netheland: Van de Hammen & Smit 1996). An elaboation of the ublihed faunitic data fom all fedeal tate of Gemany hould
R. Geecke, E.O. Lehmann / Limnologica 35 (2005) 45 51 47 Table 1. Secie numbe of wate mite in Gemany a calculated fom the thee mot imotant ublication, and taxonomically udated on the bae of K.O. Viet (1987), lat column udated fom ae ince K.O. Viet (1978) Pieig (1896 1899) K.O. Viet (1936) K.O. Viet (1978) Udate in the yea 2004 (Geecke in www.watemite.og) Aea Gemany Gemany Limnofauna egion 4, 9, 14 Acetained ecod 154 350 Bodeing countie 17 15 Total ecie numbe 171 365 570 584 Fedeal tate No ecification 12 2 Bayen 2 95 (130) (276) Bandenbug/Belin 5 88 (133) Heen 3 73 (118) Mecklenbug- Voommen 2 137 (180) Niedeachen/Bemen/ Hambug 26263 (303) Rheinland-Pfalz 1 60 (105) Sachen 106(+ 12?) 139 (181) (202) Sachen-Anhalt 1 47 (92) Schlewig-Holtein 11 145 (188) Thu ingen 15 76(119) Baden-Wu ttembeg 0 99 (144) Saaland 0 0 (45) Nodhein-Wetfalen 0 142 (185) Exlanation: If the 45 ecie deigned by K.O. Viet (1936) a widely ditibuted ( u beall ha ufig, weit vebeitet, etc. ) ae attibuted to all fedeal tate, the eulting um i given in aenthee (note that due to ynonymization thee ae ome mino diffeence in the numbe of widely ditibuted ecie to be added to the eective adminitative unit). The two column at ight efe to a moe extended aea including the whole Al, The Netheland and outhen Scandinavia (ee text). Hee, in backet ae alo given actual ecie numbe fo Sachen deiving fom Geecke et al. (in e), and fo Bayen fom Mauch, Schmedtje, Maetze, and Fiche (2003) oon fill the ga in ou knowledge egading jut one of the aea taditionally tudied with aticula intenity. Bet documented aea Thank to intene faunitic wok, well-documented et of data fom fome time ae available fo eveal at of Gemany. Imotant examle (giving only the mot imotant bibliogahic efeence) ae: Niedeachen (catchment of the Rive Wee and the uounding of Bemen: K. Viet 1959); Sachen (Ezgebige and uounding of Leizig: Geecke et al. in e); Schlewig-Holtein (lake and iaian ing: K. Viet 1925, 1930); Bayen (nothen at, tanding and unning wate: K.O. Viet 1955; Obebayen: Geecke, Meich, Stoch, Aci, & Fanz 1998; Geecke, unubl.), and Baden-Wu ttembeg (Black Foet: Schwoebel 1959). At eent, all infomation of thi tye i available only in ae bibliogahy, but not a a living tool fo comaative eeach. A faunitic databae of the Cental Euoean fauna i an indienable eequiite motly fom thee oint of view: (1) Imoving ou undetanding of envionmental change on a local cale; (2) allowing fo foecat of the diveity in le documented at of Cental Euoe by comaative analyi of data fom diffeent geogahical egion; (3) Planning effective effot in ode to cloe imotant ga in ou faunitic knowledge. Rae and oibly theatened ecie A aticula toic o fa neglected o teated in a athe ueficial manne i the quetion of global theatening and extinction of wate mite ecie. Fo many of the toical aea on which the dicuion of thi kind of oblem motly focued, eeach tated too late, and the tate of the knowledge i too canty a to allow fo ueful tatement. In aea ubjected to extended devatation duing the at centuy, obviouly the wate mite fauna ha become extinct befoe it could be documented. Intead, fo many aea of Cental Euoe, a the at of the globe with the bet-documented wate mite fauna, we ae ovided with olid data at leat
48 R. Geecke, E.O. Lehmann / Limnologica 35 (2005) 45 51 fo the at 100 yea. A wate mite diveity in toical and temeate aea aaently ae on imila level (Goldchmidt 2002), an analyi of Euoean data could allow alo fo a fit, vey ough, etimate of global extinction ate. In the following, ome eliminay analye ae eented, baed a fa a oible on the udated Limnofauna. The definitive elaboation of a Red Lit, highly deiable fo an invetebate gou a ich in highly ecialized ecie, will only be oible afte the comletion of the ojected databae. Facto contibuting to the extinction of oulation and ecie ae often not eay to be calculated. If a in thi cae valuable data about change in oulation denity ae not yet available, a geneally acceted aoach (May, Lawton, & Stok 1995) i to conide ecie o oulation with the following oetie a theatened: (1) ecie only aely found in and/o eticted to delimited aea; (2) maginal oulation of ecie with thei ditibutional cente outide the tudied aea; (3) ecie bound to aticula habitat tye geneally conideed a theatened. Endangeed ecie Many ecie of wate mite dilay athe atchy, often enigmatic ditibution atten and localized oulation of eveal ecie may be found fa ditant fom the eumtive ditibution cente. Theefoe, evaluation of aefaction o extinction ocee i aticulaly difficult and the eent tate of documentation doe not allow fo tatement. A a fit aoach to the quetion, in Table 2 all ecie not ecoded duing the at 50 yea ae maked by an ateik (*). The 22 ecie in quetion meit aticula attention duing taxonomic and faunitic eeach. Localized ecie Table 2 give a uvey of thee categoie of ecie conideed a ae in Cental Euoe. Thi lit wa comiled excluding all taxa which in the eent bibliogahy ae egaded a ecie dubiae, a well a eveal ecently detected ynonym (Geecke, in www.watemite.og). The 85 ecie included in thi lit ae candidate fo a Red Lit of Cental Euoean wate mite, with an inceaing theat in the equence of the categoie C B A (comae Table 2). Reeach in the nea futue hould concentate on the taxonomy, habitat efeence and eent ditibution of thee ecie in aticula. In view of ou vey limited geneal knowledge about many at of the tudy aea, a high tunove may be exected, both by detection of ecie to be added to, o cancelled fom, the lit eented hee. Nothen and outhen ecie at the bodeline of thei ditibution aea In ode to get ome eliminay inight, geneal ditibution atten in Euoe wee analyzed by examining the faunitic comoition of the following limnofauna egion [fo detail ee K.O. Viet (1978) and Geecke, in www.watemite.og]: (1) nothen at (Iceland, Bitih Iland, Scandinavia, nothen Cental Euoe bodeing the Noth and Baltic ea, limnofauna egion 14, 15, 17 23); (2) outhen at (Magheb, Ibeian eninula; Italy, the Balkan, countie bodeing the Black Sea and Mediteanean iland, limnofauna egion x, 1 7, 12, y); (3) cental and eaten at (Al, Cental and Eaten Mittelgebige and lowland, Kaathian, Kaukau, limnofauna egion 4, 8 11, 13, 16, 24, 25). A eult of thi confont i the obevation of a tee outh noth gadient in ecie ichne in Euoe: Moe than thee quate of the 1235 documented ecie have thei ditibutional gavitation in the South, with globally 60% comletely eticted to thi belt, 14% ae found indiffeently ditibuted in all at of Euoe, and only le than 10% wee found motly, 7% excluively, in the Noth. If we conide the nothen comonent with moe detail, it i notewothy that 72 of the 91 ecie eticted to the Noth wee ecoded only fom one aea, many of them in one occaion only. In fact the taxonomic jutification of 38 of thee ecie ha been quetioned by vaiou autho, and numeou futhe taxa have been imly neglected ince thei fit decition. Othe might be tuly ae o localized ecie and meit aticula attention in futue eeach. If we concentate on the 19 nothen ecie ecoded fom moe than one limnofauna egion (17 of them being well defined taxonomically), a detail of aticula inteet emege: all but thee (Lebetia oudemani, Vietia cutata and the uncetain Thya utuloa ) ae tagnant-wate dwelling ecie, motly eeentative of the genu Aenuu. A thi tye of habitat ha been tudied with much moe intenity in the Noth than in the South, thee i good eaon to conide the obeved etiction of at leat ome of thee ecie a an atefact eulting fom diffeent intenity in eeach. A eliminay lit of nothen ecie with oibly maginal oulation eent in Cental Euoe would include the following taxa: Aenuu beolineni, A. ubacticu, A. coonato, A. geminu, A. egulato, Atactide lacuti, Hydachna incia, L. oudemani, Oxu nodigeu, Piona gyohoa and V. cutata. In conideing the outhen comonent of the Euoean fauna, a by fa moe diffeentiated cenaio i emeging, with conideable numbe of local
R. Geecke, E.O. Lehmann / Limnologica 35 (2005) 45 51 49 Table 2. Candidate fo a Red Lit of ae ecie in the wate mite fauna of Cental Euoe. Categoie: (A) found only once at one ite o in a vey limited aea; (B) eticted to one Limnofauna egion; (C) found in two o thee limnofauna egion, but a ecod of ingle ecimen o dijunct oulation only A. Secie ecoded only fom one ite o vey eticted aea * Albia davidi Smit & V.de Hammen, 1992 Aenuu inteutu Viet, 1919 * Aenuu tammei K.O. Viet, 1955 Aenuu vieti Koenike, 1911 Aenuu duuemai Smit, 1996 Aenuu clavatu Smit, 1996 Aenuu nagyalloeni Szalay, 1934 Atactide magniali Renbug, 1971 i Atactide neumani Lundblad, 1962 Atuu lelgioeni Renbug, 1971 i Atuu oudemani Beeling, 1932 Feltia aioloeni Renbug, 1971 i Feltia foea Renbug, 1971 i Feltia incontan Bade, 1975 Feltia minutiima Bade, 1975 Feltia aetica Bade, 1975 Feltia chutei Bade, 1974 Hydachna levi acuminata K.O. Viet, 1954 * Hydachna ailligea Viet, 1919 * Hydachna egulifea Koenike, 1897 * Hydyhante hellichi auiculatu Viet, 1919 * Hydyhante inie Walte, 1922 Hygobate chlienzi K.O. Viet, 1956 * Lebetia ambigua Walte, 1924 Lebetia aea Walte, 1922 * Lebetia deeotiata Viet, 1952 * Lebetia guttata Viet, 1952 * Lebetia incognita Viet, 1922 Lebetia cutellata K.O. Viet, 1955 * Lebetia zematteni Walte, 1922 * Oxu lineatu Walte, 1913 * Piona booi Koenike, 1911 * Potzia macognatha Walte, 1944 Sigthoia nilotica Nodenkio ld, 1905 Stygothombium biinoum Schwoebel, 1962 i Toenticola ichnohallu Lundblad, 1956 * Toenticola oceivalvata Viet, 1952 Total A: 37 ecie B. Secie ecoded fom one limnofauna egion only, vaiou ite Aenuu imitato Koenike, 1908 Aenuu vavai Thon, 1899 Atactide legei Mota, 1927 Atactide eaatu Viet, 1931 Atactide taezifomi Schwoebel, 1961 i Atuu comatu Halik, 1933 Bandakia ecioa K.O. Viet, 1955 i Feltia handchini Bade, 1975 Feltia uulae Bade, 1975 * Hydachna levigata Koenike, 1897 * Kongbegia imillima Viet, 1949 * Lebetia cotata Koenike, 1908 l Table 2. (continued ) Lebetia cuneifea abeata Viet, 1922 Lebetia eltei Schwoebel, 1957 Lebetia extenden Walte, 1922 Lebetia giadinai Maglio, 1908 * Lebetia gacilie Walte, 1922 * Lebetia lacuti Koenike, 1914 l Lebetia longieta Bade, 1955 l Lebetia natan Viet, 1926 * Lebetia obuta Walte, 1911 Piona uilla dijuncta K.O. Viet, 1930 * Potzia multioa Walte, 1922 Sechon thoi Koenike, 1900 Total B: 24 ecie C. Rae ecie ecoded fom two o thee limnofauna egion Aenuu beolineni Potz, 1896 Aenuu bunviceni K.O. Viet, 1936 Aenuu coonato Tho, 1900 Aenuu geminu Geoge, 1901 Aenuu ubacticu Lundblad, 1917 Atactide fiu Walte, 1927 Atactide lacuti Lundblad, 1925 Atactide ivali Lundblad, 1956 Feltia menzeli Walte, 1922 Hydachna goldfeldi Tho, 1916 Hydachna incia Halbet, 1903 Hydachna eea Koenike, 1908 Hydyhante fontinali Sokolow, 1936 Hygobate oilien Koenike, 1915 Lebetia duicoia Koenike, 1911 Lebetia obea K.O. Viet, 1925 Lebetia emieticulata K.O. Viet, 1925 Neumania veucoa Koenike, 1895 Pieigia koenikei Viet, 1909 Pieigia limohila Potz, 1896 Piona gyohoa Lundblad, 1924 Potzia achygnatha K.O. Viet, 1930 Rutialu limicola Sokolow, 1934 Vietia cutata Potz, 1923 Total C: 24 ecie Exlanation: *no ecod ince 50 yea o moe. Fo each ecie, the habitat efeence i indicated a follow: i, intetitial; l, lake;, ool;, unning wate, ing. endemic and tong diffeence between the fauna of the eaten and weten Mediteanean bain. Of the 77 ecie eent in Cental and Southen Euoe, but avoiding the nothen belt, numeou ae confined to the hyoheic habitat. Thei abence fom Nothen Euoe may be exlained a a eult of ecent glaciation o, moe obably, a conequence of the lack of uitable habitat (Geecke 2002). Mot of the ei- and hyogean ecie in Euoe eticted to the cental at and outhen belt ae documented fom numeou limnofauna egion and ae
50 R. Geecke, E.O. Lehmann / Limnologica 35 (2005) 45 51 eent in many catchment of the tudy aea. An excetion i made by eveal ecie adated to hygoetic cacade habitat uch a Hydovolzia cancellata, Tichothya etohila, Panioi cuvifon, Paniu clyeolatu, and Feltia menzeli. They ae known fom Cental Euoe only a vey localized oulation, but moe fequently documented fom eveal at of the Mediteanean. Futhemoe, the ing dwelling Atactide clavige and the hithobiont Toenticola baica and T. ungei ae tyical South Euoean ecie found a localized oulation at the bodeline of Cental Euoe. Of them, only P. cuvifon, F. menzeli and A. clavige ae o fa ecoded fom Gemany (K. Viet 1956; Geecke, unubl.). In view of ou till canty faunitic knowledge about thee ecie, no tatement about thei tate of theat i oible. Ecological aect Numeou wate mite ecie ae widely ditibuted, but with a atchy eence/ abence of oulation due to aticula habitat equiement. An uncommon habitat efeence could eult in theat o extinction of it aticula ecie when habitat of the tye in quetion become ytematically damaged in the cultivated landcae. An analyi of the habitat efeence tye of the localized ecie comiled in Table 2 how that moe than one-thid (38%) of the 85 oibly theatened ecie ae tyical fo tanding wate, while kenobiont (23%), uface dwelling hithobiont (20%) and intetitial ecie (18%) ae le eeented. Ou data ugget that in addition to the ing-dwelling wate mite (well known in thei enitivity to envionmental change eecially in aea with mediteanean climate, Di Sabatino, Cicolani, & Geecke 2003), alo ecie fom mall ond and ditch habitat meit aticula attention. Pobably, the lack of ecod of many of thee ecie fo a conideably long eiod of time eult fom a hift in attention to team and hyoheic habitat. Howeve, in the meantime, many at of the Cental Euoean landcae have been cleaned of ditche, wam and ond, oibly with the conequence that ome lenitobiontic ecie diaeaed befoe they could be documented. At ou eent tate of knowledge, otential theat to Euoean wate mite ecie i at bet calculated fom thei efeence fo theatened habitat, and all ecie bound to ing and mall wate bodie meit aticula attention. Neozoan? Aect of immigation ae an imotant toic in the ecent limnological zoogeogahy, but among wate mite no unequivocal examle ae known o fa. The detection of a ecie of the Halacaidae nea Vienna eviouly being unecoded at thi ite wa inteeted a the eult of ovelooking duing fome invetigation athe than an effect of migation (Batch & Panea 2000). The autho attibute to all membe of thi taxonomic gou a geneally weak dieal caacity due to the abence of dought-eitant and/o hoetic tage. Alo fo the tue wate mite (Hydachnidia), aat fom a ingle, enigmatic, ecod of the toical Sigthoia nilotica found in The Netheland by Smit and Van de Hammen (1992), document of immigation ae till comletely lacking. In both gou, thi could be due to thei geneal diegad duing limnofaunitic fieldwok. Howeve, we mut alo take into conideation that mot of the o fa ecoded neozoan ae noninect invetebate and theefoe without ignificance a vecto fo Hydachnidia. In thei comlicated life cycle, nealy all ecie of thi gou ae obligatoily bound to inect hot at thei hoetic-aaitic laval tage (Di Sabatino, Matin, Geecke, & Cicolani 2002). In futue eeach immigating inect meit aticula attention a oible vecto of wate mite ecie eviouly unecoded fom Cental Euoe. Acknowledgement Thi tudy tated fom an invetigation on Saxonian wate mite uoted by a Gant fom the Deutche Fochunggemeinchaft. We ae futhemoe thankful to Ju gen Heve (Baunchweig) fo hel with bibliogahy, and to Pete Ja ge (Fankfut) fo logitic uot. Dave Cook heled to imove language and content. Antonio Di Sabatino, Pete Matin, Hay Smit and Andea Wohltmann gave valuable comment on fome daft of thi ae. Refeence Bade, C. (1975). Die Waemilben de chweizeichen Nationalake. 1. Sytematich-faunitiche Teil. Egebnie de wienchaftlichen Unteuchung de chweizeichen Nationalake, 14, 1 270. Batch, I., & Panea, A. (2000). Die Meeemilbe Caihalacau hycanu in de Donau bei Wien, ein ontokaiche Relikt. Natu und Mueum, 130(8), 258 263. Benini, F., Catagnoli, M., & Nannelli, R., 1995. Aachnida, Acai. In: A. Minelli, S. Ruffo, & S. La Pota (Ed.), Checklit delle ecie della fauna Italiana, Vol. 24 (. 1 131). Bologna. Bieiadka, E. (1997). Hydachnidia. In: J. Razowki (Ed.), Checklit of animal of Poland, IV, 1 31 Poifea-Symhyla (. 229 239). Wazawa. Di Sabatino, A., Matin, P., Geecke, R., & Cicolani, B. (2002). Wate mite (Acai: Actinedida: Hydachnidia).
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