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The Nature of the Gaze: A conceptual discussion of societal privilege from an indigenous perspective A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Massey University, SHORE & Whriki Research Centre College of Health Aotearoa New Zealand Belinda Borell 2017
Whakatauk Ruiataitea,ruiataitea,kiatkotaikkanake Stripawaythesapwooduntilonlytheheartwoodremains Abstract This thesis explores how Kaupapa Mori paradigms can make important contributionstoresearchtopicsthatmaynotbeofdirectorimmediaterelevanceto Moricommunities.InsightsgainedfromaKaupapaMoriinvestigationofwhite privilegeinaotearoanewzealandarediscussed.iarguethatculturalhegemonyis maintainedthroughstructuredforgetting,silence,andsuppressionofdissentthat hasdireconsequencesfordominantculturalgroupsaswellasmarginal.structural racism and privilege are amenable to analyses utilising similar frameworks albeit from opposite sides that can provide valuable insights to understanding inequity more broadly.ialso examine ways in which Kaupapa Mori analyses of white privilegecanilluminatepathwaysofredressthatwillbenefitallnewzealandersand providemoreembracingperspectivesofnationhood. iii
He Maimai Aroha Reginald Borell Hori Pomana Alex Whaiapu
Acknowledgements Tomyparents,ReginaldandMarleneBorell.Dadtaughtmethevalueofmeeting onescommitments.mumtaughtmehowtokeepyourheadupwhileyoudoit. TothewiderBorell/Hibbs/Puhipiwhnau.Wehavebeenthroughalotthelastfew yearsandiamsoproudofhowwellwehavecometogetherandcontinuetosupport eachother.muchlovetoauntyebbaandthetetua/cooperwhanau.specialthanks totakumahanga,nigelborellforallthelaughs,challengingkoreroanddeftinclusion in the visual arts and culture arena.additionally to the Whaiapu and Pomana whnau,hemihiaroha. To my supervisors Helen Moewaka Barnes and Tim McCreanor.Words cannot expresshowmuchiappreciateyoursupportinhelpingmecompletethisworkand theexampleyourleadershipprovidesforusall.tothebroaderwhrikiwhnau especiallyvictorialesatele,amandagregory,rangimariemcdowell,teahcarlson, TuilomaLinaSamu,EmeraldMcPhee,AlexMcConville,AngelaMoewakaBarnes,Jodi Porter,KenTaiapa,VerneMcManusandWendyHenwood.ToSallyCasswellandthe SHORE team, especially Lanuola Asiasiga, Penelope Carroll, Caroline Lowe, Lisa Morice and Jan Sheeran for your unwavering help and support. Nga mihi nui kia koutou. Toalltheresearchparticipantsinvolvedinprojectsaboutprivilege,thankyoufor sharingyourtimeandthoughtssogenerously. Tothoseamazingscholarsandactivistsinvolvedinaddressingstructuralracismand privilege in Aotearoa New Zealand, especially Raymond and Mitzi Nairn, Moana Jackson,DonnaCormack,RicciHarris,MahinarangiMaika,MereanaRuri,WaiHo, RhysJones,MargaretWetherell,TraceyMcIntosh,RuthDeSouza,BridgetRobson, PapaarangiReid,JoBaxter,MartinTobias,ElanaTaipapakiCurtis,TimHoward,Jenny v
Rankine, Avril Bell, Neville Robertson, Rose Black, Ingrid Huygens, Adrian Field, CatherineDelahunty,MiriamaScott,TanjaDreher,NancyKrieger,JaneKelseyand SueCrengle.SpecialacknowledgementtoDrIrihapetiRamsden. KuraTeWaruRewiriforhercrucialinputintothisdoctoralstudy.Thankssomuch foryourpatienceandcontinuedsupport.toallthevisualartswritersandcreators for their inspirational scholarship, especially Nigel Borell, Ngataiharuru Taepa, SaffronTeRatana,AimeeRatana,MargaretAull,CharlotteGraham,DonnaTupaea Petero,DebbieTupaeaAdams,RaewynTangira,LindaMunn,PeterBoyd,Ngahiraka Mason and Megan TamatiQuennell.Thanks also to Imogen Greenfield and Tom IrwinfromtheAucklandArtGalleryToioTamakiforyourhelpwiththisresearch. vi
Table of Contents Whakatauk...iii Abstract...iii HeMaimaiAroha...iv Acknowledgements...v Introduction...1 AimsandObjectives:...1 Background...3 TheNatureoftheGaze...5 Racism...10 Whiteness...16 TheChapters...22 Chapter 1:When the marginalised research the privileged:one Mori group s experience...29 Abstract...29 Introduction...29 Indigenouscontrolledresearch...32 Ghettoised or romanticised research...33 Whrikijourney...35 Challengingthe gaze...37 Assessment/funding...39 Ethics...40 Discussion...43 Conclusion...44 Chapter 2:Theorising the structural dynamics of ethnic privilege in Aotearoa: Unpacking thisbreezeatmyback...47 vii
Abstract...47 Introduction...48 Background...49 Colonisationandprivilege...52 Privilegeandpublichealth...53 Privilegediscourse...55 Theorisingprivilege...56 Societalprivilege...56 Institutionalprivilege...58 Interpersonalprivilege...59 Internalisedprivilege...60 Discussion...61 Determinantsofsocialandhealthinequity...62 StructuralanalysisofPkehculturalbeliefs/values...62 Pkehidentitywork...63 Policyframeworks...64 Conclusion...64 Chapter3:FumblinginaVacuum:ExplanationsOfMainstreamPrivilege...66 Abstract...66 Introduction...66 HegemonyandDiscourse...69 Silence,PausesandRhetoricalIncoherence...71 TheResearch...72 Researchfindings...73 Discussion...80 Conclusion...82 viii
Chapter4:Beyondtheveil:KaupapaMorigazeonthenonMorisubject...87 Abstract...87 Introduction...87 Background...88 Accountingforinequity...88 Expandingouraccounts...90 MoriEpisteme...91 Privilegeproject...93 KuraTeWaruRewiri epistemologyandpaintingpractice...94 Whingro...95 Privilegeiswhingrototheprivileged...98 Conclusion...101 Chapter5:ConceptualisingHistoricalPrivilege:Theflipsideofhistoricaltrauma,a briefexamination...104 Abstract:...104 HistoricalPrivilegeDefinition...107 Conclusion...120 Discussion...121 WheretowithKaupapaMoritheory...121 Wheretowithstructuresofhegemony...126 Wheretowithchallenginghegemony...128 References...131 Appendices...164 Appendix1:StatementsofContribution...166 Appendix2:Copiesofpapersaspublished...172 ix
Glossary Aotearoa:NewZealand Hap:subtribe,kinshipgroupofmultiplewhnau Hui:agatheringormeeting Iwi:nation,tribe Kaitiaki:guardian Kkahu:cloak,garments Kaupapa:underlyingbase,generalprinciples,topic,platform Korowai:cloakwithblackfibretassels Mana:authority Mtauranga:knowledge Mihi:formofaddress,greeting Mokopuna:grandchild,descendant Pkeh:peopleofEuropeanorigin Rangatahi:youth,adolescent Rp:team,group Tangatawhenua:indigenouspeopleoftheland TereoMori:Morilanguage Tikanga:Moriprotocols,practicesorprocesses Whingaro:lostorhiddenplace;realmofthesupernatural Wakakiwi:bonerepository Whakatauk:significantsaying,aphorism Whnau:extendedfamilygroupingsandstructures Whriki:chieflymat x