DIPLOMACY AND IDEOLOGY IN JAPANESE-KOREAN RELATIONS

DIPLOMACY AND IDEOLOGY IN JAPANESE-KOREAN RELATIONS

Diplomacy and Ideology in Japanese-Korean Relations From the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Century Etsuko Hae-Jin Kang Lecturer in Japanese Studies The University of New England Armidale, NSW Australia

First published in Great Britain 1997 by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-1-349-40236-6 DOI 10.1057/9780230376939 ISBN 978-0-230-37693-9 (ebook) First published in the United States of America 1997 by ST. MARTIN'S PRESS, INC., Scholarly and Reference Division, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 ISBN 978-0-312-17370-8 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kang, Etsuko Hae-jin. Diplomacy and ideology in Japanese-Korean relations : from the fifteenth to the eighteenth century I Etsuko Hae-jin Kang. p. em. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-312-17370-8 (cloth) I. Japan-Foreign relations-korea. 2. Korea-Foreign relations -Japan. 3. Japan-Foreign relations-to 1868. I. Title. DS849.K8K34 1997 327.520519'09'03-dc21 96-52880 CIP Etsuko Hae-Jin Kang 1997 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. 90 Totten ham Court Road. London WI P 9HE. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted her right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources: 10 9 8 7 6 5 06 05 04 03 02 01 4 3 2 I ()() 99 98 97

In memory of my mother Han Yang-sun

Contents List of Figures and Table Acknowledgements Abbreviations used in the notes and explanatory note ix X XI Introduction I. Muromachi Foreign Policy with Korea: Diplomatic Rapprochement in Premodern East Asia 21 The Rise of Buke Diplomacy in Premodern East Asia 24 Yoshimitsu's "King of Japan": The Questions of Title and Era Name 34 Muromachi Diplomacy and Ideology 41 2. The Kyorin Diplomacy of Early Choson 49 The Historical Foundations of Kyorin Diplomacy 51 King Sejong's Containment Diplomacy 63 Korea's Oe i ki mi Ideology and Japanese Traders 73 3. Hideyoshi's Diplomacy and the Diplomatic Rupture with Korea 83 The Korean Embassy of 1590 86 The Kampaku Diplomatic Order and Shinkoku Ideology 94 4. Political Culture in Early Modern Japan and Korea 107 Kang Hang's Kanyangnok: The Intelligence Report on Japan's Political Culture Ill A Comparison of Neo-Confucian Acculturation in Japan and Korea 125 5. The Tokugawa Taikun Diplomacy and Korea 136 The Post-Invasion Settlement between Japan and Korea 138 The Tokugawa Diplomatic Order and Power Structure 146 The Establishment of Tokugawa Ka-i Ideology 153 6. Korea's Sadae-Kyorin Diplomacy with the Rise ofch'ing China 167 The Diplomacy of K wanghaegun, 1608-1623 172 Vll

viii Diplomacy and Ideology in Japanese-Korean Relations The Manchu Invasions of 1627 and 1636, and their Impact on Japanese-Korean Relations 177 Korea's Anti-Ch'ing Sentiment and the Development of Hwa-i Ideology 186 7. The Failure of Reforms in the Eighteenth Century 195 The Reforms of Arai Hakuseki in 1711 197 The Refutation of Amenomori Hoshii: The Questions of "King of Japan" and the Imperial Institution 206 The Rise of Sirhak Scholars in Korea and their Interests in Japan 211 Conclusion Notes Appendices Bibliography Index 223 231 275 279 299

List of Figures and Table Figure 2.1 The diplomatic and ideological perceptions in Japan and Korea at the end of the fifteenth century 81 Figure 5.1 The Tokugawa diplomatic order 152 Figure 5.2 The dominant diplomatic and ideological perceptions in Japan and Korea created by the end of the seventeenth century 165 Figure 6.1 The development of ka-i and hwa-i ideologies in Japan and Korea 192 Table 7.1 The four patterns of shogunal title 204 IX

Acknowledgements I would like to express my appreciation for the assistance of various people which has made this book possible. Thanks go to Elise Tipton for reading the original dissertation and making useful comments for revising the manuscript. I am also grateful to John Clark, Duk-Soo Park, Richard Wong, Georgina Tuck and Mark Calabretta for their advice and assistance. In Japan I was most grateful to Nakao Hiroshi whose comments and guidance for sources furthered my research. My father, brothers and sisters-in-law in Japan have always provided me with generous help and encouragement. Finally, I wish to express my gratitude to Lin Wang for his steadfast support and forbearance throughout the years of research and writing. X

Abbreviations Used in the Notes AHZ Arai Hakuseki zenshu CWS Chason wangjo sillok NKSK Nakamura Hidetaka, Nissen kankei shi no kenkyu NSS Chugoku Chosen no shiseki ni okeru Nihon shiryo shusei EXPLANATORY NOTE Words written in italics with two asterisks are Chinese words, those in italics with one asterisk are Korean words and those in italics and without an asterisk are Japanese words. Romanisation: for Japanese the Hepburn system, for Korean the McCune Reischauer system (as presented in The Romanization of the Korean Language, Based upon Its Phonetic Structure by G. M. McCune and E. 0. Reischauer, Seoul: Y. M. C. A. Press) and for Chinese the Wade-Giles system are used except for some common terms and places such as Tokyo, daimyo, Seoul and Peking. The place of publication for Japanese sources in the notes and bibliography is Tokyo, unless otherwise mentioned. Names: Japanese, Korean and Chinese names are written with the family name preceding the given name except when they are taken from a Western language source where the author's given name appears preceding the family name. xi

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