THE JEFFERSONIAN REVOLUTION OF 1800 Continuing the Virginia Dynasty
The Revolution Defined The Revolution of 1800 is basically the results of the Presidential Election that took place in 1800. It was a contest between several candidates representing the two political parties that had developed in the years since Washington had left office - the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans
Main Candidates Thomas Jefferson Aaron Burr John Adams John Adams (the sitting President) & a Federalist Thomas Jefferson (the sitting Vice-President & a Democratic-Republican) Aaron Burr (a Democratic-Republican) Charles C. Pinckney (a Federalist) John Jay (a Federalist)
Key Party Differences Federalists strong central gov t loose interpretation of the Constitution Pro-British large peacetime military favored aid to business favored tariffs supported by northern businessmen & large landowners Democratic-Republicans weak central gov t strict interpretation of the Constitution Pro-French small peacetime military favored agriculture opposed tariffs supported by small farmers, skilled workers & plantation owners
Results (by state)
Results Overall Electoral Vote: Jefferson: 73 Burr: 73 Adams: 65 Pinckney: 64 Jay: 1 Points to Remember Remember each Elector casts two ballots (one for president and one for vice) but there is no distinction between the two. The person with the greatest number of electoral votes is president (still needs a majority) In a tie (or no majority) the election is decided by the House of Representatives
The Decision Technically, the House could have put Aaron Burr in the White House instead of Jefferson even though he was the Vice- Presidential candidate The House was controlled by the Federalists (for a few more months) who preferred Burr A few Federalists, who were wary of Burr, withheld their votes and the proper person was elected
The Revolution of 1800 Jefferson described [the election] as being "as real a revolution in the principles of our government as that of 1776 was in its form; not effected indeed by the sword, as that, but by the rational and peaceable instrument of reform, the suffrage of the people." It was a revolution in the sense that power changed hands - but peacefully - as the Constitution intended
THE JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACY Political Battles, Foreign Policy and the Louisiana Purchase
Political Conflict: The Judiciary The Supreme Court was dominated by Federalists (all had been appointed by George Washington or John Adams) Many judges had been appointed just prior to John Adams leaving office (so called midnight judges ) Chief Justice John Marshall was one of these midnight judges.
John Marshall (1755-1835) Hero of the XYZ Affair From rural VA Served as Chief Justice 1801-1835 One of the few remaining Federalists
Marbury v. Madison (1803) William Marbury was appointed as a justice of the peace as one of the midnight appointments by John Adams However, his commission was not delivered before the presidential transition took place James Madison, the new president s Secretary of State, refused to deliver the commission Marbury sued, asking for a writ of mandamus that would force Madison to deliver the commission (to do his job)
Marbury v. Madison: The Ruling The case was heard by the Supreme Court in 1803 and Chief Justice John Marshall delivered the unanimous opinion Marbury s commission was legal and a writ of mandamus could be issued (Madison would have to deliver the commission) However, the Constitution had not authorized the Court to issue writs an act of Congress had. Congress couldn t extend the powers of the Constitution with a law so the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional
Marbury v. Madison: Results Since the act under which Marbury was to receive his commission was unconstitutional, he wouldn t receive it (a victory for the Democratic-Republicans) BUT, this ruling affirmed the Court s authority to review the constitutionality of acts of Congress (a Federalist victory) Basically, it authorized judicial review
More battles with the Judiciary Jefferson did not trust the (now powerful) unelected judiciary which was dominated by the Federalists He encouraged a campaign to rid the Court of Federalist judges, especially Supreme Court justice Samuel Chase In 1804, impeachment charges were brought against Chase (and others) which were approved by the House
Impeachment? Once the House impeaches, the Senate holds a trial to determine guilt or innocence Evidence proved that Chase was guilty only of partisanship and using his freedom of speech - not the high crimes and misdemeanors he was indicted for Senate didn t convict & Chase stayed a justice Jefferson grudgingly accepted an independent judiciary that was controlled by the Federalists
Foreign Policy - Battles Abroad Jefferson did not believe in a large military during peacetime Merchant shipping was being attacked by Pirates of the North African states (Barbary Pirates - named for the Barbary Coast) Jefferson refused to pay tribute and American ships were attacked
Building a Navy Jefferson reluctantly sent the tiny navy to the shores of Tripoli to protect American interests A peace treaty was finally reached in 1805, ending the conflict Most importantly, the Navy was gaining valuable experience
Foreign Policy: Louisiana When Jefferson came to office, Louisiana was officially owned by Spain In 1802, it came to light that Napoleon and the King of Spain had negotiated to transfer the Louisiana territory to France - including New Orleans
Purchasing Louisiana Early in 1803, Jefferson sent James Monroe to Paris to negotiate to purchase the city of New Orleans (and some surrounding land) for a maximum of $10 million If he failed, he was to go to Britain and negotiate an alliance that could resist French occupation of New Orleans (using the British navy & army)
Napoleon s Surprise Difficulties in Europe and Haiti caused Napoleon to surprise Robert Livingston (the regular minister to France) with the offer to sell all of Louisiana Livingston acted before Monroe even arrived and agreed to buy all of the Louisiana territory for $15 million
The Territory
Implications The Louisiana Purchase more than doubled the size of the United States The over 600 million acres were purchased for a little less than 3 cents an acre However, Jefferson - a strict constructionist - had a problem: the Constitution did not authorize the president to purchase land for the country. Could he do this?
Creating an Expedition Jefferson appointed Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to head an expedition to explore (and map) this vast new territory Meriwether Lewis William Clark
Goals of the Expedition To map the new territory To see what resources were present - including new flora and fauna To see if the Missouri River connected to other rivers (or itself connected to) the Pacific Ocean Negotiate peaceful relations with Indian tribes in the area
Negotiating with Indians
Transversing the Rivers Lewis and Clark often used Native technology to continue on the expedition - such as these bearskin boats
Sacajawea (1788-1812) A Shoshone Indian who was married to Toussaint Charbonneau (hired to be the expedition guide) She was very useful as a translator since she was from the region near the headwaters of the Missouri River Gave birth just before the trip (and brought her son along) Also useful in negotiations since her brother was chief of a tribe near the Snake River (ID)
Results Set out from St. Louis in 1804 following the Missouri River Crossed the Rocky Mountains and eventually came to the Pacific Ocean in present day Oregon Returned to St. Louis (dividing the party) in 1806
Results - the data Lewis and Clark brought back detailed drawings and information about their journey including these drawings and descriptions.
Map of Expedition
Impact of Lewis & Clark - Trails
THE COMING OF THE WAR OF 1812 The Second War for American Independence
Jefferson Reelected Election of 1804 was overwhelmingly for Jefferson He defeated Charles Pinckney 162 to 14 (the popular vote was 72% to 27% in favor of Jefferson) The 12 th Amendment had been enacted earlier in the year so electors voted separated for President and Vice- President. Aaron Burr was not chosen as a candidate by the Democratic-Republican Party He then ran for Governor of New York George Clinton of New York defeated Rufus King of New York for the Vice-Presidency. Jefferson (top) & Pinckney
A Federalist Conspiracy Aaron Burr had formed a secret agreement with some New England Federalists to try and win the election of 1800 He later hoped to win the Governorship of New York and possibly have NY secede from the Union but he lost Burr was also involved in a conspiracy to incite a rebellion in the Mexican territory of Texas and possibly set himself up as monarch in Mexico Burr, angry with Hamilton, challenged him to a duel; Burr s shot fatally wounded Hamilton Burr was tried for treason (for the planned rebellion) but acquitted because of a lack of witnesses to any overt act by Burr
Challenges to US Neutrality Napoleonic Wars meant Britain and France were regularly attacking shipping meant for the other Britain also infuriated America by impressing sailors (and they were the more powerful nation at sea) Chesapeake-Leopard Affair In 1807, just off the Virginia coast, the British warship Leopard fired on the US warship Chesapeake Several Americans were killed; several more were impressed Many demanded war but Jefferson focused on diplomacy
Embargo Act 1807 To avoid war, Jefferson persuaded Congress to pass the Embargo Act All American ships would be prohibited from sailing to any foreign port The hope was Britain, America s largest trading partner, would be financially hurt and stop violating America s rights at sea Plan backfired as Britain had little trouble finding new sources of trade and the US economy entered into a severe depression New England merchants and shipbuilders were hurt the worst The act was repealed in 1809 in the final days of Jefferson s presidency
Election of 1808 James Madison defeated Charles Pinckney for the Presidency (122-47) George Clinton was reelected as Vice- President Federalists did, however gain some ground including in the House and Senate due to unhappiness over the Embargo As President, Madison tried to continue diplomacy and economic pressure to deal with the Napoleonic Wars Madison (top) & Pinckney
Final Attempts at Diplomacy Nonintercourse Act of 1809 America could trade with all nations except Britain and France Macon s Bill No. 2 (1810) Restored US trade with both Britain and France but if either formally agreed to respect US neutral rights at sea, then an embargo would be reinstituted against that nation s foe Napoleon announced his intention to do so therefore, Madison carried out the terms of the bill and embargoed Britain Napoleon never had any actual intention of fulfilling his promise
Causes of the War Freedom of the Seas/Respect of American neutrality/impressment Frontier Pressures influence of the British on the American frontier Influence of the War Hawks in Congress
The War Hawks Young Congressmen, mostly in the House of Representatives (some in the Senate) Mostly from the frontier states (Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio) and the south Definitely NOT New England Main leaders were Henry Clay (KY) and John C. Calhoun (SC) They wanted expansion of US territory (land from Britain and/or her allies) Canada and Florida AND destruction of Native American resistance
Battle of Tippecanoe William H. Harrison Tecumseh Tenskwatawa (aka The Prophet)
Frontier Pressures Americans believed the British were arming the Native Americans and encouraging them to attack US frontier settlements to prevent Americans from moving westward The attempted establishment of an Indian Confederacy by Shawnee brothers Tecumseh (war leader) and The Prophet (religious leader) Tried to unite tribes east of the Mississippi River Gen. William Henry Harrison attempted to destroy this growing confederacy at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 Tecumseh not present, The Prophet was defeated
Impressment British Navy needed more sailors to fight its war against France/Napoleon Sought British citizens on trade ships owned by neutral nations particularly American ships Some may have been British citizens claiming US citizenship to avoid naval service Harsh conditions in British Navy Would stop American ships on the high seas and kidnap sailors
Mr. Madison s War New England opposed the war because it would interrupt trade their livelihood They saw impressment and raids on shipping as the cost of doing business The West and South supported the war They felt that war against Britain would give them the opportunity to expand US territory (Canada and perhaps land belonging to any of Britain s allies) Would remove an Indian threat by removing the Indian s source of arms if the British were defeated
The American Military The American army is relatively small and inexperienced. The main fighting units would be comprised mainly of militia (nonprofessional soldiers AKA farmers with guns) The American navy is bigger now up to 16 warships but has a fair amount of experience based on their actions fighting the Barbary Pirates off the coast of North Africa
Plan of Action Success depended on two things A land based invasion of Canada The American Navy had only 16 ships so a war at sea was not really possible The British strength was in Canada (the only British land in continental North America) Napoleon continuing his war in Europe His success would keep the British military busy and split by forcing them to fight on two continents
The Land Based War The US would launch a 3 point invasion of Canada at Detroit Niagara Lake Champlain Shown at right is Detroit Major General William Hull failed miserably and was forced to surrender his 2000 troops to a smaller British and Indian force
Invasion of Canada Fort Niagara The Americans invaded Canada in October 1812 The invasion failed when the NY militia refused to cross the border to come to the aid of the army Lake Champlain Located in Northern New York This was the final attack of a three-part invasion As with the first two, it failed miserably Fort Dearborn Not a part of this invasion of Canada but this was one of the many frontier outposts that the Americans were also forced to surrender This gave Britain control of the entire Great Lakes region
Weapons Weapons were similar to those from the American Revolution Smooth bore muskets, swords and small arms (pictured)
Other Canadian Invasions In 1813, the Americans attacked and burned the Canadian capital of York (Toronto) In 1814, the Americans under Winfield Scott attacked Fort Erie, defeated the British at Chippewa River and battled at Lundy s Lane. They retreated back into the US, giving up the conquest of Canada
The War on Water The Americans were supposedly the weakest (militarily) with their navy They had only 16 warships and the British had hundreds Most outgunned the American ships as well But most were engaged in the European theatre But the tiny American Navy was successful The warship Constitution destroyed a British frigate in a fierce battle off Nova Scotia The warship Constitution later destroyed another British ship off the coast of Brazil The warship United States captured the British Macedonian The warship Wasp defeated the British Frolic
USS Constitution
More War on Water In 1813, in a fierce duel between the Chesapeake (Am) and the Shannon (Br) the dying American captain told his crew don t give up the ship which became the rallying cry of the US Navy Overall, the 16 US Naval Warships never lost a fight to a British warship during the entire war some of the privateer vessels did lose battles USS Constitution would be nicknamed Old Ironsides because cannonballs bounced off her thick oak sides in a battle and the British thought she was actually made of iron and not wood
America Battles Back American Naval Commander Oliver Hazard Perry was the commander of a tiny fleet that was thrown together on Lake Erie (to battle the British fleet stationed there) This fleet surprised and soundly defeated the British at Put-In Bay in September 1813 effectively regaining control of the Great Lakes Perry reported his victory by saying We have met the enemy and they are ours.
British Defeat at Lake Erie & Beyond By the end of the war, American privateers (privately owned ships given permission by the government to act as legal pirates on behalf of the country) destroyed or captured over 1500 British ships But a military blockade of the American coast was inevitable and it brought all foreign commerce to a standstill
Battle of the Thames River William Henry Harrison led a force of militia into Canada pursing the retreating British, overtaking them at the Thames River in October 1813, defeating them decisively. At this battle, Tecumseh was killed, causing most of the Indians to desert the British and collapsing the Indian confederation.
The British Offensive By 1814, the British could focus entirely on the war with America since Napoleon had been defeated in Europe. Remember, the US saw Napoleon s continued success as instrumental to American hopes for victory They began sending massive numbers of troops to America Over 15,000 troops were sent to Canada in 1814, ending America s hopes for conquest
Lake Champlain About 11,000 troops invaded New York along Lake Champlain (but they needed to control the water too). Both had fleets in the lake but the British ships were better armored and more powerful But the Americans were able to outmaneuver the British and defeat them completely in 1814, forcing the army to retreat back to Canada
Attack on Washington In August 1814, the British arrived up the Chesapeake Bay and landed in Maryland. The capital was poorly defended, allowing the British to easily attack. On August 24, in retaliation for the burning of York, the British set fire to numerous buildings including the Executive Mansion. But they were driven out of the city by a large storm that hit the city.
Attack on Washington Dolly Madison, the president s wife was hurriedly loading valuables, furniture, paintings (including the portrait of George Washington), and documents into wagons to flee the area as the British were entering and setting fire to the building itself.
Attack on Washington The Mansion would later be painted white to hide the scorch marks (hence the name White House).
Baltimore Fort McHenry The British left Washington and sailed toward Baltimore the biggest port on the bay but found it well defended. The fleet (on September 12, 1814) tried to destroy the fort protecting the harbor all through the night but was unable to do so, so they gave up (and the American flag still flew over Fort McHenry by the dawn s early light).
British Cannonball shot at Fort McHenry in 1814
The Star Spangled Banner
The Star Spangled Banner The Star Spangled Banner, a poem written by Francis Scott Key (who was an observer on a British ship in the harbor during the attack) commemorated the event The poem would later be set to the tune of Anacreaon in Heaven (a popular British drinking ballad) It would become the national anthem in 1931
Creek War Creek Confederation conflict Red Sticks splinter group Mostly fought in Mississippi territory (included Alabama) & Georgia Ended with Treaty of Fort Jackson in Aug 1814
Attention Shifts to the South The British sent over 7500 troops to invade the US via the Gulf of Mexico and landed them near New Orleans. A major naval battle occurred prior to the land battle but although the British won, they were delayed from helping at New Orleans This naval battle involved privateers who fought for the US, not regular naval vessels General Andrew Jackson, who had been repelling Indian attacks in the Southeastern US was able to beat the British to the city and build fortifications Jackson at the Battle of New Orleans, artist unknown Ballou's Pictorial Drawing-Room Companion depicts the Battle of New Orleans, the last campaign of the War of 1812. Andrew Jackson's troops--army regulars, Tennessee and Kentucky volunteers, and two companies of African American volunteers from New Orleans--held off the better-trained British troops in January of 1815. The battle made Andrew Jackson a national hero. (Historic New Orleans Collection)
New Orleans Using the contents of warehouses (including cotton bales) Jackson and his men built significant fortifications around the city Jackson also used the help of pirates who agreed to fight on the side of the Americans in exchange for a pardon on existing charges of piracy (illegal and generally punishable by death) On January 8, 1815 the English began their attack but the Americans were able to inflict tremendous casualties (more than 2000) with just 13 of their own This tremendous victory restored the nation s pride and made a national hero of Jackson
Andrew Jackson Major General Andrew Jackson wore this uniform and sabre at the Battle of New Orleans in 1815. The British brought almost 10,000 troops to the battle (versus 4000 soldiers, militia, Choctaw Indians, former slaves and even pirates for Jackson). He forced the British to attack a heavily fortified position, resulting in a lopsided victory.
Possible Secession? Hartford Convention In 1814 politicians from New England met in Hartford, Connecticut The passed resolutions condemning the war and recommended constitutional amendments that would protect New England interests Some extremists even talked of secession from the Union and negotiating a separate peace with Britain but the war ended before any action could be taken
The Treaty of Ghent By the end of 1814, both sides had had enough and wanted peace They met in Ghent, Belgium and concluded a treaty of peace It ended hostilities All captured land would be returned to the pre-war owner No mention was made of impressment but it was generally believed that the practice would stop The treaty was signed and announced (locally) on December 24, 1814
Results of the War A new sense of nationalism American industry began to grow because of the blockade of shipping by the British Respect from other nations especially in Europe
Results of the War Expansion westward was more feasible since the Indian threat had been removed (they were no longer being armed by the British and many had been killed or dispersed with Tecumseh) The most conspicuous casualty of the war was the Federalist party War heroes emerged Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison both to later become president
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POST WAR NATIONALISM
The Beginning of Nationalism The most impressive by-product of the War of 1812 was a heightened nationalism the spirit of nation-consciousness or national oneness: American may not have fought the war as one nation, but it emerged as one nation Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper attained international fame as the nation s first writers A revised Bank of the United States was voted by Congress in 1816 A new national capital began to rise in Washington
The American System Plan of Henry Clay for developing a profitable home market: The American System: A strong banking system provide easy and abundant credit Revenue from the tariff of eastern manufacturing A network of roads and canals, especially in Ohio, that would met the outcry for better transportation.
The American System Tariff of 1816 It was primarily for protection, not revenue Supported by both North and South (only time South supported a tariff) Raised rates to 25-30% depending on item
The American System Congress voted in 1817 to distribute $1.5 million to the states for internal improvements: President Madison sternly vetoed this handout measure as unconstitutional Individual states had to venture on their own for construction programs, New England particularly strongly opposed it because it would further drain away population and create competing states beyond the mountains
The Era of Good Feelings James Monroe was nominated for the presidency in 1816: Last time a Federalist would run (Rufus King) Monroe wins 183-34 He announced that an Era of Good Feelings had been ushered in.
The Panic of 1819 1819 a paralyzing economic panic descended: It brought deflation, depression bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment, soup kitchens, and debtor s prisons Factors contributing to the catastrophe: Large issue was the over speculation of frontier land West especially hard hit by the Bank of the United States, forced the speculative ( wildcat ) western banks to the wall and foreclosed mortgages on farms
Growing Pains of the West The West: Nine frontier states joined the 13 original between 1791 and 1819 VT ( 91), KY ( 92), TN ( 96), OH ( 03) LA ( 12), IN ( 16), MS ( 17), IL ( 18), and AL ( 19) Goal was to keep the balance between North and South: They were admitted alternately, free and slave
Missouri Compromise Missouri was asking Congress for statehood: Tallmadge amendment A roar of anger burst from slaveholding Southerners: Some state believed that if Congress could abolish the peculiar institution in Missouri, it might attempt it in the older states of the South Deadlock was broken by three compromises proposed by Henry Clay First, Congress decided to admit Missouri as a slave state and admit Maine as free state All future bondage was prohibited north of the line of 36 30 the southern boundary of Missouri The balance between the North and South remained for fifteen years
Acquiring Florida Semitropical Spanish Florida: Americans already claimed portions of West Florida, ratified by Congress in 1812 Remainder of West Florida occupied in War of 1812 Rest of Florida was Spanish but served as refuge for many
Acquiring Florida (cont.) Jackson invades in 1818 Florida Purchase Treaty (1819): Also known as the Adams-Onis Treaty
Monarchy in America Autocrats of Europe: Stated that the world must be made safe from democracy They smothered the embers of rebellions in Italy (1821) and in Spain (1823) Americans were alarmed If Europeans interfered in the New World, the cause of Republicanism would suffer irreparable harm The physical security of the United States, the mother of democracy, would be endangered
Monroe Doctrine Britain wanted the United States to join in a joint territorial integrity of the New World Secretary of State John Quincy Adams opposed a joint declaration, insisting we act alone
Monroe Doctrine Annual message to Congress in December 1823 No more colonization No interference with existing colonies No interference in internal affairs of Europe Attempts to intervene were dangerous to our peace and safety Real power was the British Navy not our Doctrine
John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism The Supreme Court continued nationalism: Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) New Hampshire tried to force Dartmouth to become a public institution by altering the charter granted by George III McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) The suit involved an attempt by the State of Maryland to destroy a branch of the Bank of the United States by imposing a tax on its notes.
John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism The Supreme Court continued nationalism: Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) Grew out of an attempt by the State of New York to grant to a private concern a monopoly of waterborne commerce between New York and New Jersey