To Protect and To Serve

To Protect and To Serve

David Weisburd Thomas E. Feucht Idit Hakimi Lois Felson Mock Simon Perry Editors To Protect and To Serve Policing in an Age of Terrorism

Editors David Weisburd Institute of Criminology Faculty of Law Hebrew University Jerusalem, Israel; Center for Evidence Based Crime Policy George Mason University Fairfax, VA USA msefrat@mscc.huji.ac.il Idit Hakimi Bureau of the Chief Scientist Ministry of Public Security Israel idith@mops.gov.il Simon Perry Institute of Criminology Faculty of Law Hebrew University, and Israeli National Police (retired) Jerusalem, Israel simon.perry@mail.huji.ac.il Thomas E. Feucht National Institute of Justice Washington DC USA Thomas.feucht@usdoj.gov Lois Felson Mock Retired Senior Social Scientist Office of Research and Evaluation National Institute of Justice US Department of Justice Washington DC USA loismock@cox.net ISBN 978-0-387-73684-6 e-isbn 978-0-387-73685-3 DOI 10.1007/978-0-387-73685-3 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2009926047 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2009 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Acknowledgements Like many integrative projects, this effort owes much to many beyond the small group of colleagues directly involved in it. The project grew out of a long-standing partnership between the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) and the Bureau of the Chief Scientist of the Ministry of Public Security in Israel. The formal partnership was first established in 1999 under the leadership of the then Director of NIJ, Jeremy Travis and the Ministry s Chief Scientist, Israel Barak. This partnership has been sustained and supported by key leadership in both agencies, including the Ministry s Deputy Director General, Eliezer Rozenbaum and subsequent heads of NIJ, Sarah V. Hart, Glenn R. Schmitt, and David W. Hagy. This project would not have been possible without the commitment and support of these executives. Early decisions about the contours of this project were made with the valuable input of a team of editorial advisors. The editorial advisors included David Bayley, Gideon Fishman, Dov Lutzky, Stephen Mastrofski, Tracey Meares, and Darrel Stephens. They helped craft the specific focus of the papers to be commissioned, identified potential authors, and assisted throughout the project by keeping the editors and authors grounded in the relevant research and policy context. Their reviews of early drafts of the papers were crucial to the integration of this volume. We are indebted to their thoughtful and experienced input throughout this project. Other individuals provided additional reviews for some of the chapters, and we are grateful for their comments and suggestions. Reviewers for the project included Menachem Amir, Edward Flynn, Robert Friedmann, Meir Gilboa, Jack Greene, Gil Kerlikowske, Simha Landau, Ami Pedahzur, Dennis Rosenbaum, and Jerome Skolnick. In October 2007, in Jerusalem, Israel, the Ministry of Public Security hosted a symposium at which drafts of the papers were presented to an international audience of experts in policing and terrorism. Comments and reactions from symposium attendees gave the authors and editors important insights that helped us anticipate important policy questions that might otherwise have gone unaddressed. In particular, we gratefully acknowledge the insights and comments from police chiefs James Bueermann (Redlands, CA), Ronal Serpas (Nashville, TN), James Corwin (Kansas City, MO), Dudi Cohen (Commissioner of the Israeli National Police), and the many symposium attendees from the Israeli National Police. Their v

vi Acknowledgements insights and on the ground points of view regarding police work in an age of terrorism were invaluable to this effort. We would also like to acknowledge others who have helped in developing this project including Brett Chapman, Marvene O Rourke, Maggie Heisler, Winifred Reed, and Michael Hronick of the National Institute of Justice, Shomron Moyal and Yamit Barashi from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and Welmoed Spahr from Springer Verlag. Finally, we owe a special debt to Kristin Miggans of the University of Maryland and Tal Jonathan from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem who acted as project coordinators and helped us manage the difficulties of international collaboration. We are particularly grateful to Ms. Jonathan who not only helped in developing all aspects of the project, but also played a key role in coordinating the completion of the book. The work for this project was supported through a grant from the National Institute of Justice (2005-IJ-R-085). Although NIJ funding was critical for developing this project, we want to emphasize at the outset that all opinions and positions expressed by the editors and authors of the papers are their own, and do not represent the official positions or policies of the National Institute of Justice.

Contents 1 Introduction... 1 2 Trends in Modern International Terrorism... 11 Boaz Ganor 3 Tracking Global Terrorism Trends, 1970 2004... 43 Gary LaFree and Laura Dugan 4 Cops and Spooks: The Role of the Police in Counterterrorism... 81 David H. Bayley and David Weisburd 5 Police Activities to Counter Terrorism: What We Know and What We Need to Know... 101 Cynthia Lum, Maria (Maki) Haberfeld, George Fachner, and Charles Lieberman 6 The Implications of Terrorism on the Formal and Social Organization of Policing in the US and Israel: Some Concerns and Opportunities... 143 Jack R. Greene and Sergio Herzog 7 The Impacts of Policing Terrorism on Society: Lessons from Israel and the US... 177 Badi Hasisi, Geoffrey P. Alpert, and Dan Flynn 8 Policing, Terrorism, and Beyond... 203 Thomas E. Feucht, David Weisburd, Simon Perry, Lois Felson Mock, and Idit Hakimi Index... 225 vii

Contributors Geoffrey P. Alpert Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA geoffa@gwm.sc.edu David H. Bayley School of Criminal Justice, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA dbayley@albany.edu Laura Dugan Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA ldugan@crim.umd.edu George Fachner, Jr. Administration of Justice Department, Centre for Evidence-Based Crime Policy, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA george.fachner.jr@gmail.com Thomas E. Feucht National Institute of Justice, Washington DC, USA thomas.feucht@usdoj.gov Dan Flynn Former Savannah Police Chief/Daytona Beach Finalist for Police Chief, danflynn@adelphia.net Boaz Ganor Lauder School of Government, and International Institute for Counter-Terrorism (ICT), Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Herzliya, Israel ganor@idc.ac.il Jack Greene College of Criminal Justice, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA j.greene@neu.edu ix

x Contributors Maria (Maki) Haberfeld Department of Law, Police Science, and Criminal Justice Administration, John Jay College, New York, NY, USA mhaberfeld@jjay.cuny.edu Idit Hakimi Bureau of the Chief Scientist, Ministry of Public Security, Israel idith@mops.gov.il Badi Hasisi Institute of Criminology, Faculty of Law, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel hasisi@mscc.huji.ac.il Sergio Herzog Institute of Criminology, Faculty of Law, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel sherzog@mscc.huji.ac.il Gary LaFree National Center for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START), and Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA glafree@crim.umd.edu Charles Lieberman Department of Criminal Justice, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT, USA clieberman@newhaven.edu Cynthia Lum Administration of Justice Department, Center for Evidence-Based Crime Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA clum@gmu.edu Lois Felson Mock Retired Senior Social Scientist, Office of Research and Evaluation, National Institute of Justice, US Department of Justice, Washington, DC, USA loismock@cox.net Simon Perry Institute of Criminology, Faculty of Law, Hebrew University, and Israeli National Police (retired), Jerusalem, Israel simon.perry@mail.huji.ac.il David Weisburd Institute of Criminology, Faculty of Law, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel; Center for Evidence Based Crime Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA msefrat@mscc.huji.ac.il