Citizen s Income and Welfare Regimes in Latin America

Citizen s Income and Welfare Regimes in Latin America

Exploring the Basic Income Guarantee Basic income is one of the most innovative, powerful, straightforward, and controversial proposals for addressing poverty and growing inequalities. A Basic Income Guarantee (BIG) is designed to be an unconditional, government- insured guarantee that all citizens will have enough income to meet their basic needs. The concept of basic, or guaranteed, income is a form of social provision and this series examines the arguments for and against it from an interdisciplinary perspective with special focus on the economic and social factors. By systematically connecting abstract philosophical debates over competing principles of BIG to the empirical analysis of concrete policy proposals, this series contributes to the fields of economics, politics, social policy, and philosophy and establishes a theoretical framework for interdisciplinary research. It will bring together international and national scholars and activists to provide a comparative look at the main efforts to date to pass unconditional BIG legislation across regions of the globe and will identify commonalities and differences across countries drawing lessons for advancing social policies in general and BIG policies in particular. Series Editors: Karl Widerquist is a visiting associate professor of Philosophy at Georgetown University-Qatar. James Bryan is an associate professor of Economics at Manhattanville College. Michael A. Lewis is an associate professor at Hunter College School of Social Work. Basic Income Reconsidered Simon Birnbaum Alaska s Permanent Fund Dividend Edited by Karl Widerquist and Michael W. Howard Basic Income Guarantee Allan Sheahen Basic Income Guarantee and Politics Edited by Richard K. Caputo Exporting the Alaska Model Edited by Karl Widerquist and Michael W. Howard Citizen s Income and Welfare Regimes in Latin America Edited by Rubén Lo Vuolo

Citizen s Income and Welfare Regimes in Latin America From Cash Transfers to Rights Edited b y R u bé n L o Vu olo

CITIZEN S INCOME AND WELFARE REGIMES IN LATIN AMERICA Copyright Rubén Lo Vuolo, 2013. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2013 978-0-230-33821-0 All rights reserved. First published in 2013 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN in the United States a division of St. Martin s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-34120-7 ISBN 978-1-137-07754-7 (ebook) DOI 10.1057/9781137077547 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Citizen s income and welfare regimes in Latin America : from cash transfers to rights / edited by Rubén Lo Vuolo. p. cm. 1. Guaranteed annual income Latin America. 2. Income maintenance programs Latin America. I. Lo Vuolo, Rubén M. (Rubén Mario) HC130.I5C53 2013 331.2 36091724 dc23 2012028681 A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: January 2013 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Down the road, it is then possible to visualize a kind of social science that would be very different from the one most of us have been practicing: a moral-social science where moral considerations are not repressed or kept apart, but are systematically commingled with analytic argument, without guilt feelings over any lack of integration; where the transition from preaching to proving and back again is performed frequently and with ease; and where moral considerations need no longer be smuggled in surreptitiously, nor expressed unconsciously, but are displayed openly and disarmingly. Such would be, in part, my dream for a social science for our grandchildren Albert O. Hirschman, Morality and the Social Sciences: A Durable Tension

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Contents List of Illustrations ix Introduction 1 Rubén Lo Vuolo Part I Citizen s Income and Cash Transfers 1 Brazil: The Lost Road to Citizen s Income 29 Lena Lavinas 2 The Argentine Universal Child Allowance : Not the Poor but the Unemployed and Informal Workers 51 Rubén Lo Vuolo 3 Targeting and Conditionalities in Mexico: The End of a Cash Transfer Model? 67 Pablo Yanes 4 Basic Pensions in Latin America: Toward a Rights-Based Policy? 87 Camila Arza 5 A Regional Citizen s Income to Reduce Poverty in Central America 113 Alice Krozer and Rubén Lo Vuolo Part II Citizen s Income and the Latin American Public Agenda 6 Are Latin Americans Brazilians in Particular Willing to Support an Unconditional Citizen s Income? 141 Fábio D. Waltenberg 7 The Politics of Citizen s Income Programs in Latin America: Policy Legacies and Party Character 169 Jennifer Pribble

viii CONTENTS 8 Should Citizen s Income Become a Goal for Feminism in Latin America? 187 Corina Rodríguez Enríquez 9 Citizen s Income and Democratization in Latin America A Multi-Institutional Perspective 211 Louise Haagh 10 Citizen s Income and the Material Basis of the Constitution 233 Roberto Gargarella Epilogue 259 Rubén Lo Vuolo Notes on Contributors 267 Index 269

Illustrations Figures 6.1 Schematic representation of models of the determinants of individual demand for redistribution 145 9.1 Citizenship as an institutional set 214 Graphs 9.1 Public sector growth and schooling completion 222 9.2 Schooling resources and employment equalities 223 9.3 Schooling employment equality of opportunity 225 Tables 3.1 Main characteristics of Mexico City Government and Federal Government social policies 74 4.1 Basic income principles in noncontributory pensions in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, and Chile 103 4.2 Degree of universality and institutionalization of noncontributory and semicontributory pensions in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Brazil 105 5.1 Estimated costs of transfers for the Central American countries by age group 128 6.1 A summary of experimental and survey evidence concerning attitudes toward redistribution 146 6.2 A ranking of selected countries and their index of presumable support for Citizen s Income 151 6.3 Factors correlated with the index of presumable support for Citizen s Income 154 6.4 Students views on unconditional Citizen s Income 159 6.5 A ranking of countries according to an index of presumable support for Citizen s Income 162 7.1 Eight party types with examples from Latin America 174