Sex Discimination in Uncertain Times

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission (ATSIC) 350n.9 abortion 28, 35, 39, 41, 53, 54, 265, 297 affirmative action xx, 20, 31, 67, 126, 181, 186, 187, 191, 201, 295 Affirmative Action Agency 176n.4 Affirmative Action (Equal Opportunity for Women) Act 1986 22, 29, 86, 133, 136, 137, 175, 176n.4, 180, 183, 188n.51 American Council for Civil Liberties 206 Amnesty International 4 Apprehended Domestic Violence Orders (ADVOs) 306 Aristotle 36, 277, 331 assimilation xxii, 31, 348, 349, 350, 364, 365 see also colonialism asylum-seekers 295, 298, 299n.36, 310, 312, 313 Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID) 144n.57, 312 Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) 143n.49, 213 Australian Human Rights Commission (AHRC) 6, 30, 82, 88 9, 95, 121, 123, 181, 182, 183, 188, 190, 191, 206, 208, 209, 214, 224 Australian Industrial Relations Commission (AIRC) 118n.51, 119, 137, 139, 297 Australian Law Reform Commission (ALRC) xxi, 4, 117, 176, 179, 182, 188, 189, 190, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 205, 208, 297, 310 Beaurepaire, Dame Beryl 79, 80, 296, 304 Bjelke-Petersen, Flo 33, 36, 41n.80, 96 Boswell, Ron 26n.4, 33, 34 Brennan, Frank 4, 300, 319, 322, 328, 331, 355n.14 Broderick, Elizabeth 3, 14, 89, 311 Bryce, Quentin 3, 14, 99, 109 Byrnes, Andrew xxii, 291, 292, 295n.12, 300 3, 307, 308, 310, 311 Canada xxi, 66n.65, 90, 179 80, 201, 205, 206, 208, 213, 227, 235 56, 304, 305, 328, 334, 337, 350 2, 354, 356, 361, 364 Charter of Rights and Freedoms 199, 205, 206, 207, 235, 243, 244n.25, 246, 328, 331n.74 Catholic Church 8, 13, 14, 87, 213, 307 child care 8, 14, 22, 26, 39, 78, 89 90, 123, 158, 160, 163, 185, 304, 313 Codd, Mike 311 colonialism 347 54, 357, 358, 361, 364 colonial law 62 decolonisation 349, 350, 351, 354, 361, 364 see also assimilation common law xv, 65, 84, 200, 238, 242, 266, 270 Connors, Jane xxii, 291, 292, 300 3, 307, 308, 310 Convention Against Torture (CAT) 7, 302, 312 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) xviii, 4, 17, 25, 26, 80, 109n.7, 155, 293, 299 300, 306, 320 adoption 31, 79 Australian implementation 7, 178, 188n.51 Committee 33, 84, 157, 158 9, 167, 292, 293, 295, 297, 298, 302, 311, 313 goals 144, 161, 168, 293 obligations xxii, 137, 167, 168, 291 opposition to 33, 35, 37, 38, 41 Optional Protocol 89, 158, 292, 295, 300 3 provisions xviii, 157, 160 1, 327, 329 ratification 17, 32, 81, 83, 134, 141, 294, 312 reports 305 reproductive labour xxi, 153, 158 9 requirements 4, 30, 295 responses to 31 3 373

Sex Discimination in Uncertain Times shortcomings 298, 326, 327 signing of 28, 80, 293, 310 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD) 295, 299, 302, 310, 327 Council of Australian Governments (COAG) 309 critical theory xviii, xxi, 22, 49, 54, 56, 59, 61, 62, 65, 263, 268 9, 271, 272, 281 2, 349, 353 Disability Discrimination Act 1992 (Cth) (DDA) xvn.4, 6, 111n.20, 181, 183, 209, 214, 215, 220n.142, 227, 252n.47, 253n.48, 254, 275n.43, 320n.8 discrimination, see Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, gender, inequality, maternity, pregnancy-based discrimination, sexuality domestic violence 4, 53, 60, 62, 65, 84, 99, 189, 297, 303 9, 311, 312 see also sexual violence Ellicott, Robert 28, 79, 80, 293 equal employment opportunity (EEO) xvii, 8, 41n.84, 85, 94, 136, 137 Equal Opportunity for Women in the Workplace Act 1999 (Cth) (EOWWA) 6, 133, 136, 137, 140, 144, 175, 180, 183, 184, 187, 188n.56, 213, 226 Equal Rights Amendment (US) (ERA) 95, 264, 265 equality, see gender Equality Act xv, xxi, 22, 67, 109n.7, 175, 176 87, 197 228, 262, 265, 266, 300 European Commission 142 European Community 325 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (1950) 325, 334, 336 European Court 325 European Court of Human Rights 302 European Union 111n.18 Evatt, Elizabeth xxii, 83, 84, 85, 118, 165, 167, 192, 292, 297 300, 301, 302, 307, 310, 312, 313 feminism xvii, 3, 13, 42, 53, 55, 56, 58, 88, 89, 97, 323, 325, 338 9 1970s xix xx, 53, 67, 99, 263 1980s xx, 67, 99 activism 27, 28, 49, 51, 59, 60, 63, 76, 85, 86, 304, 307 anti-feminism 29, 34, 38n.58, 94 6 Australian movement 66, 68, 93 4, 292 3, 338 contemporary xx, 308 first wave 324 Labor 83 legal theory xx, 48n.3, 49, 50 5, 56, 61 8, 205, 267, 321, 325, 327, 337 liberal 35, 55 9 Marxist 52 55 politics 34, 52, 55, 65 reformist 29, 54n.26 second wave 35, 38, 108, 324, 325 theory 37, 47, 59, 62, 244, 263, 324, 325, 349 within government 28, 34 5, 292, 305 see also women s Feminist Legal Action Group (FLAG) 49, 53n.23, 57, 61, 63 4, 65, 66 femocracy 292 Fischer, Tim 330 formalism xxi, 56, 135, 241, 280n.52, 326, 329, 331 Gale, Fay 98, 99 gender 110, 116, 118, 182, 189, 190, 210n.74, 278, 279, 293, 296, 309, 312, 325, 326, 329 analysis 141 2, 292, 307, 311, 313 as legal category 47 68, 265, 267 de-gendering xvii equality xix, xx, xxii, 5, 8, 35, 42, 75 6, 89, 90, 119, 133 44, 155n.10, 175 91, 254, 261, 263, 292, 295, 296, 301, 303, 305, 321, 335, 348 50 issues 3, 7, 177, 303 justice xviii, 263, 302 law reform xix, 293 mainstreaming 304, 307, 321 374

neutrality 36, 156, 177, 179, 267n.22 norms 28, 31, 42, 123, 124 5, 127, 136, 158 pay gap 8 9, 12, 13, 53, 89, 100, 101, 108n.5, 119, 120, 121, 122, 126, 137, 138, 139n.28, 140, 155, 156, 185, 218 reassignment 218, 219 relations 9, 25, 36, 107, 143, 144, 157 stereotyping 35, 36, 37, 122, 125, 127, 144, 157, 187, 295, 297 studies 42, 99 see also women s studies genderisation xxi, 27, 123, 140 1, 142, 154, 167, 175, 252, 308, 323, 336, 356 genocide 350, 355, 356 7, 358, 360, 363 Gillard, Julia 99, 101 harassment, see sexual harassment Hawke Government 15, 17, 26n.4, 34, 80, 83, 88, 93, 304 Hawke, Bob 29, 305, 311 health 102, 307 care 7, 8, 294, 306, 313 mental 312, 330, 61n.48, 238, 312, 335, 356, 357 women s 8, 9, 53, 61, 110n.12, 180, 212, 304 see also occupational health and safety, rights health housing 201, 304, 306, 309, 312, 325, 362 Howard Government xvii, xviii, 14, 83, 86, 88, 123, 136, 295, 301, 302, 330, 350n.9 Howard, John 33, 83, 96 human rights xxii, 4, 5, 123, 141, 183, 199, 202, 211, 236, 237, 242, 243, 250, 251, 252, 253, 261 83, 292, 297, 299, 301, 305, 307, 311 12, 313, 319 39, 349, 352 6, 359 60, 364 agencies 8 audit 5, 7 Australian charter xvi, xxii, 327 conventions 81, 213, 293, 295, 300 discourse 123, 323 legislation 4 5, 67, 79n.10, 183n.25, 202, 203, 226, 228, 243, 244, 347, 348, 361 obligations 153 see also Canada, Equality Act, international, United Nations Human Rights Act (HRA) ACT 327, 328, 329 national xvi, 4, 11, 12, 26, 299n.36, 300, 312 Victorian Charter 327, 328, 329, 330, 337 Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission 20, 30n.17, 82 3, 87, 88, 112, 117, 118, 162, 164, 167, 176n.4, 208n.67, 297 Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission Act (HREOCA) 327, 333 identity xv, xxi, 53, 59, 175, 187, 243, 320, 322, 324, 325, 347, 348, 353, 355 Indigeneity xx, 55, 60, 123, 125, 181, 185, 250, 293, 295, 306, 307, 309, 310, 312, 313, 320, 329, 347 65 industrial law 108n.5, 115n.40, 122, 133, 134 5, 137 40 industrial relations xx, 4, 50, 75, 83, 86, 89, 101, 119, 124, 133, 154, 253, 306 inequality xvii, xx, 9, 11, 75, 101, 102, 144, 223, 235, 240, 321 addressing 183, 187, 198 9, 203, 208, 215, 224, 236, 237, 250, 263 continuance of 212, 247, 332 gender 3, 89, 121, 133 5, 139, 141, 177, 179 80, 187, 200 1, 263, 304, 313, 332, 334, 335, 349n.6 social 179, 216, 217, 222, 228 see also gender pay gap International Bill of Rights 326 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) 213, 295, 298, 301, 302, 312, 325, 326, 331, 338, 357 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) 155n.10, 156, 295, 301, 325, 326, 331, 338, 357 375

Sex Discimination in Uncertain Times International Labour Organisation (ILO) xx, 79, 83, 133, 134, 141, 142, 144, 153, 155 6, 158, 160 1, 168, 301, 327 Discrimination Convention (Employment and Occupation) (111) 79, 155n.10, 327 Equal Remuneration Convention (100) 155n.10 Maternity Protection Convention (183) 155, 156, 160 Workers with Family Responsibilities Convention (156) 83, 153, 155, 158, 160, 161, 168 international experience 56, 141, 144, 227, 293, 305, 310, 311, 321 law 109n.7, 135, 144, 155, 245n.26, 254, 295n.13, 303, 321, 324n.31, 328, 349, 350, 352, 353, 354, 355 61, 364 legal instruments xxii, 155 7, 243n.20, 291, 327, 350 mechanisms 142 obligations 137, 153, 154, 155, 161 2, 168, 169, 176n.4, 178, 292, 359 standards 143, 292, 302, 349, 352, 363 4 treaties 17, 26, 33, 81, 115, 155, 160, 240n.7, 293, 296, 301, 323 International Women s Day 85 International Women s Rights Action Watch (IWRAW) 302 International Women s Year 28 intersectionality xxi, xxii, 5, 175, 181 2, 201, 319, 320, 322, 335 8 Islam 303 judicial role xxi, 235 7, 241, 243, 246, 254, 255, 262, 268 70, 272, 273, 276, 278, 280, 281 Keating, Paul 85, 86, 311 L Orange, Helen xxii, 291, 292, 303 8, 310, 311 Law Council 208 Legal Education and Action Fund (LEAF) 205, 206 liberal reformism 56, 61 liberalism 30, 41 2, 50, 93, 94, 244, 266, 322, 323, 331, 333 classical 27 legal 52, 56, 66n.65, 67, 154, 267, 325, 331 social xvi, xvii, xviii, 27, 28, 41, 42, 154, 338 Macklin, Jenny 309 maternity based discrimination 154 5, 156, 157, 158, 160, 168 9, 218 leave 20, 38, 110, 118, 164n.58, 165, 166 paid leave 4, 17, 32, 89, 109, 115n.40, 136, 156, 160, 293, 294, 306, 312, 313 see also pregnancy-based discrimination men s rights 308, 323, 326 moral conservatism 27, 29, 321 morality 27, 39, 40, 42, 57, 59, 99, 269, 273, 277, 280, 323, 324, 337 Moyle, Sally 311 multiple grounds, see intersectionality National Council of Women 81, 93 National Council on Violence Against Women 191 National Council to Reduce Violence Against Women and their Children 298 National Human Rights Consultation 188, 241, 300 National Human Rights Consultation Report (Brennan Report) xv, 26, 319, 325 6, 327 8, 329, 331, 334 neo-liberalism xvi, xvii, xviii, xix, 42, 99, 100, 101, 121, 191, 321, 322, 326, 328, 332, 338 New Zealand 90, 101, 350, 351, 352, 354, 356, 361, 264 Northern Territory intervention 312, 347n.1, 365 O Shane, Pat 60 1, 306 occupational health and safety 6, 141n.40, 142, 157 see also health Office for the Status of Women 83, 308 376

Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 12, 89, 306 pay disparity, see gender pay gap Plibersek, Tanya 309, 311 positivism 269, 270, 276 post-structuralism xxi, 261 4, 266, 268, 271 3, 275, 276, 280 2 pregnancy-based discrimination 40, 109, 110, 113, 114, 135, 137, 139, 154, 156 8, 160, 165, 169, 333 see also maternity Prisoners Action Group (PAG) 57, 58, 59 prisons 58 Bathurst Jail riots 58, 60 Nagle Royal Commission into the NSW prison system 58, 60, 61 women in 7, 59, 60, 61, 64, 102 see also Women Behind Bars Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (Cth) (RDA) xvn.4, 5, 26n.3, 50, 79n.10, 111n.20, 181, 183, 240n.7, 250n.42, 266n.19, 299, 320 Reid, Elizabeth 311 religion 26, 27, 29, 34, 42, 93, 94, 100, 159 60, 298, 320, 332, 333n.89, 336, 338, 339, 365 see also Catholic Church, Islam religious discrimination 5, 40, 181, 215, 219, 238, 333 exemptions 6, 29, 40, 300, 333 5 freedom 40, 42, 76, 298, 322, 332, 334 Reynolds, Margaret 310n.76, 311 rights bill/charter of xvi, xxii, 226, 327 31 health 7, 141n.40 women s xxii, 8, 301, 321, 323 4 workers xvi, xvii, 143, 156, 160, 161 see also human rights Rudd Government xviii, 15, 32n.27, 83, 88, 89, 90, 99, 100n.36, 102, 123, 162, 191, 296, 309, 312, 313, 351n.12 Rudd, Kevin 100, 101, 191 Ryan, Susan xix, 11 15, 17, 19, 29, 32, 40, 41, 51, 62, 67, 80, 81, 93, 94, 96, 97, 188n.51, 311 self-determination 97, 312, 348 53, 355, 357, 358, 360, 361, 365 separation of powers 235, 236, 237, 269 Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) (SDA) xv, xvi, 4, 9, 13, 27, 64, 66, 83, 120, 124, 125, 177, 182, 183, 191, 262, 319, 327, 329, 330 aims 6 amendment attempts 14, 27 Australian Law Reform Commission review 176, 177, 188, 198 9 bipartisan support for 28 campaign for 75, 238 cases 18, 111 15, 116, 117, 118, 178, 254, 266n.19 conscientious objection clause 39 41 constitutional basis 17, 26, 32 contemporary engagement 50, 90, 178 criticism of xix, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38 effectiveness 5, 12, 14, 98, 121, 123, 134, 153, 154, 235, 347 effects of 107 enactment xv, 107, 178, 265n.13, 297 exemptions 333, 338 genesis xix, 48, 321 history 15, 49, 50 2, 57, 67, 75 80, 267 House of Representatives Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs review 117, 176n.4 importance of 67, 108, 127, 201, 320 limitations xxi, 30, 127, 133 5, 201, 254, 292, 293, 299 300, 320 2, 332 operation 22 opposition to 35, 37, 39, 41, 42, 228 parliamentary debates xv, 26, 28, 41, 294 passage xix, xx, 25, 41, 42, 93, 312 provisions 31 2, 109, 116, 134, 137, 139, 144, 154 69, 238 9, 253, 295 reform 83, 85 9, 90, 118, 119, 140, 161, 181, 208, 241, 253n.48, 256, 322, 338 377

Sex Discimination in Uncertain Times Senate Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs review xix, xxi, 5 6, 83, 90, 119, 140, 175, 176n.4, 179, 197, 208, 211 12, 219, 261 2, 300, 321 survival of 82 tenth anniversary xxi, 198 twentieth anniversary 200, 291, 299 twenty-fifth anniversary xviii, xxii, 3, 11, 12, 90, 127, 308 Sex Discrimination Bill xix, 12, 13 14, 17, 19, 25, 29, 80 1, 95, 96, 97, 136 Sex Discrimination Commissioner 6, 82, 86, 88, 90, 108, 120, 300, 321 sex plus theory xxii, 320 sexual harassment 5, 6, 8, 19 21, 29, 30, 43, 51, 52, 67, 81, 86, 90, 95, 96, 109, 112 14, 121, 122, 135, 139, 178, 181n.16, 199, 212, 214, 215, 218 20, 227, 333, 335, 336 sexual violence 4, 60, 84, 99, 102, 176, 187, 190, 191, 199, 293, 296, 297, 298, 303 10, 313, 323, 347n.1 see also domestic violence sexuality xv, xxi, xxii, 5, 14, 26, 42, 62, 110, 175, 177, 179, 209, 210n.74, 219, 223, 238, 263, 265, 320, 333 4, 336, 337 Summers, Anne 62, 85, 86, 185n.31, 297, 311 the Vatican, see Catholic Church United Nations (UN) 26n.4, 31 3, 76, 83, 155, 291 6, 299, 301 3, 305, 306, 308, 310 11, 312, 323, 349, 351, 352, 356, 363, 364 Charter 76, 352, 354, 355, 357, 358, 359, 360 Commission on the Status of Women 76, 93, 293, 296, 305, 307, 310, 311 conventions 32, 33, 50, 156, 302, 319, 322, 325 7 Decade of Women 79, 80 Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples xxii, 311, 312, 347, 349, 350 65 Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) 361 Fourth World Conference on Women (Beijing Conference) 81, 293, 296, 304, 305, 348, 349 General Assembly 31, 293, 296, 298, 305, 351, 352 Human Rights Committee 213, 297, 352, 363 Human Rights Council 352, 362, 363 human rights instruments 11, 31n.24 Indigenous Expert Mechanism 361, 362, 363, 364 member states 26, 33 Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights 301 Permanent Forum of Indigenous Peoples 311, 361, 362, 363 Security Council 296 Universal Declaration of Human Rights 11, 325, 326 Working Group on Indigenous Populations (WGIP) 352, 362 United Kingdom xxii, 4, 49, 66, 89, 90, 101, 111, 119, 141, 197, 201, 213, 215, 216, 218, 220, 223, 240, 305, 319, 326, 334 Equality Act 2006 5, 213, 214 Equality Act 2010 xv, xxi, 126n.73, 198, 210 12, 216 26 Equality Bill 126, 198, 217, 219 Human Rights Act 329, 331, 336, 337 Sex Discrimination Act 220, 336, 337 United States 3, 49, 51n16, 66, 95, 98, 101, 116, 126, 205, 227, 245, 334n.97, 335, 337, 350, 351, 352, 356, 364 universalism 319, 322 5 Vienna Conference on Human Rights 302, 305, 310 Whitlam Government 26, 27 8, 57, 79, 80, 304 Whitlam, Gough 27, 311 Women Behind Bars (WBB) xx, 59, 60 Women Who Want to be Women (WWWW) 13, 15, 28, 29, 38, 41, 79, 80, 94, 95 Women s Advisory Council (WAC) 29, 79, 304 378

Women s Electoral Lobby (WEL) 13, 28, 29, 34, 49, 53, 54, 55, 62 3, 78, 79, 80, 81, 87, 88, 93, 191 women s Australian movement 66, 75, 93, 291, 292 3 liberation xx, 54, 55, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 76, 78, 93, 97 movement 17, 18, 42, 67, 78, 79, 85, 86, 97, 101, 304, 348 peace movement xx, 97, 321 studies xx, 29, 42, 97, 98, 99 see also feminism, gender workforce participation, female 19, 37, 38, 39, 86, 116, 120 3, 126 7, 153, 154, 157, 159 60, 164, 165, 168, 187, 295, 321 Workplace Relations Act 1996 (Cth) (WRA) 138, 139n.28 World Health Organisation (WHO) 307 Wran, Neville 303, 304, 311 Yeend, Geoffrey 311 379