INTRODUCTION HOW IS THIS TEXTBOOK DIFFERENT FROM TRADITIONAL CASEBOOKS?...VII ABOUT THE AUTHOR...XI SUMMARY OF CONTENTS... XIII

INTRODUCTION HOW IS THIS TEXTBOOK DIFFERENT FROM TRADITIONAL CASEBOOKS?...VII ABOUT THE AUTHOR...XI SUMMARY OF CONTENTS... XIII... XV TABLE OF CASES...XXI I. THE RELIGION CLAUSE(S): OVERVIEW...26 A. Summary...26 B. The Establishment Clause and the Lemon Test...28 II. THE REQUIREMENTS THAT GOVERNMENT DISREGARD RELIGION...32 A. The Non-Discrimination Principle (Free Exercise and Establishment)...32 1. Free Exercise Clause: No Discrimination Against Religious Practices...32 a. Summary...32 b. Problem: Religious Garb Statute...35 c. Problem: Mortmain Statutes...35 d. McDaniel v. Paty, 435 U.S. 618 (1978)...36 e. Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye, Inc. v. City of Hialeah, 508 U.S. 520 (1993)...41 f. Problem: Tax Exemptions for Secular Donations Only...50 g. Locke v. Davey, 540 U.S. 712 (2004)...51 2. Establishment Clause: No Discrimination Among Religions...58 a. Summary...58 b. Problem: Peyote Exemption...59 c. Larson v. Valente, 456 U.S. 228 (1982)...59 3. Establishment Clause/Free Exercise Clause: No Discrimination Against the Irreligious...65 a. Summary...65 b. Problem: Clergy-Congregant Privilege...66 c. Problem: Exemption from Housing Discrimination Law...67 d. Problem: Residential Picketing...67 e. Torcaso v. Watkins, 367 U.S. 488 (1961)...68 f. Welsh v. United States, 398 U.S. 333 (1970)...69 xv

xvi g. Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, 472 U.S. 703 (1985)... 73 h. Corporation of the Presiding Bishop v. Amos, 483 U.S. 327 (1987)... 75 i. Texas Monthly, Inc. v. Bullock, 489 U.S. 1 (1989)... 81 j. Policy Equal Treatment... 87 B. Non-Discrimination Extended (Establishment)...92 1. The No Endorsement Principle as to Government Speech... 92 a. Summary... 92 b. Problem: Virginia Beach City Seal... 94 c. Engel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421 (1962)... 95 d. Policy Need To Avoid Religious Strife... 100 e. Marsh v. Chambers, 463 U.S. 783 (1983)... 103 f. Policy Original Meaning... 113 g. Policy Tradition... 116 h. Policy Propriety of Nonpreferential Support for Religion... 118 i. Policy Irrelevance of De Minimis Government Action... 119 j. Policy Slippery Slope... 120 k. County of Allegheny v. ACLU, 492 U.S. 573 (1989): Are Religious Governmental Displays Constitutional?... 124 l. County of Allegheny v. ACLU, 492 U.S. 573 (1989): What Constitutes a Religious Display?... 135 m. Problem: Conflicts Among Rights... 141 n. Capitol Square Review & Advisory Bd. v. Pinette, 515 U.S. 753 (1995)... 142 o. Policy No Endorsement of Religion... 152 2. The No Primary Religious Purpose Principle... 157 a. Summary... 157 b. Problem: Evolution Disclaimer... 158 c. Problem: Teaching That Human Life Is Precious... 158 d. Edwards v. Aguillard, 482 U.S. 578 (1987)... 158 e. Policy Primary Purpose Must Not Be Advancement or Inhibition of Religion... 171 C. The No Coercion Principle (Establishment)...172 a. Summary... 172 b. Problem: University Graduation Prayer... 173 c. Problem: Alcoholics Anonymous... 173 d. Problem: Get... 174 e. Problem: Pledge of Allegiance... 175 f. Lee v. Weisman, 505 U.S. 577 (1992)... 176 g. Policy No Coercion... 185 D. The No Religious Decisions Principle (Free Exercise and Establishment)...186 a. Summary... 186 b. Problem: Kosher Enforcement... 186 c. Problem: Negligent Hiring... 187

xvii d. United States v. Ballard, 322 U.S. 78 (1944)...188 e. Presbyterian Church v. Mary Elizabeth Blue Hull Memorial Presbyterian Church, 393 U.S. 440 (1969)...192 f. Thomas v. Review Bd., 450 U.S. 707 (1981)...195 III. THE DEBATE ABOUT EXCLUDING RELIGION...197 A. Facially Evenhanded Funding Programs and Religious Institutions...197 1. Doctrine...197 a. Summary...197 b. Problem: GI Bill...198 c. Everson v. Board of Ed., 330 U.S. 1 (1947)...199 d. Policy Impropriety of Taxpayer Money Going to Religious Uses...202 e. Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971)...204 f. Policy Primary Effect Must Not Be Advancement or Inhibition of Religion...213 g. Policy No Excessive Entanglement...214 h. Problem: Income Tax Exemption for Charitable Contributions...217 i. Problem: Disaster Recovery Funds...217 j. Witters v. Washington Dep t of Servs. for the Blind, 474 U.S. 481 (1986)...218 k. Problem: NEA and Religious and Antireligious Art...220 l. Rosenberger v. Rector, 515 U.S. 819 (1995)...220 m. Policy Equal Treatment, see p. 87...228 n. Problem: Designing a Rule...228 o. Mitchell v. Helms, 530 U.S. 793 (2000)...229 p. Problem: School Choice...245 q. Problem: Conditions on School Choice Participation...246 r. Zelman v. Simmons-Harris, 536 U.S. 639 (2002)...246 s. Policy Protecting Religion from Harmful Effects of Government Aid...262 2. The Debate About Original Meaning...264 a. Bill Establishing a Provision for Teachers of the Christian Religion (Virginia, 1784)...264 b. Madison s Memorial and Remonstrance Against Religious Assessments (1785)...264 c. Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (1786) (drafted by Thomas Jefferson)...269 d. Does the Establishment Clause Require Exclusion of Religious Institutions from Evenhanded Funded Programs?...270 e. Does the Establishment Clause Allow Preferences for Religious Institutions or People Over Others?...276 f. Policy Original Meaning, see p. 113...280 B. The No Delegation to Religious Institutions Principle...280 a. Summary...280

xviii b. Problem: Copyright Protection... 281 c. Larkin v. Grendel s Den, Inc., 459 U.S. 116 (1982)... 281 IV. THE DEBATE ABOUT ACCOMMODATING RELIGION...285 A. Compelled Exemptions for Religious Observers...285 1. A Brief Summary and Timeline of the Debate... 285 2. The Current Doctrine... 288 a. Summary... 288 b. Employment Division v. Smith, 494 U.S. 872 (1990)... 289 c. Thomas v. Review Bd., 450 U.S. 707 (1981) (Rehnquist, J., dissenting)... 301 d. United States v. Lee, 455 U.S. 252 (1982) (Stevens, J., concurring in the judgment)... 303 e. Policy Avoiding Disparate Effects Based on Religion... 303 f. Policy Value of Bright-Line Rules... 307 g. Policy Text... 308 3. The Constitutionally Compelled Exemptions Regime... 310 a. Problem: Marital Status Discrimination in Housing... 310 b. Problem: Assisted Suicide... 310 c. Problem: Compelled Testimony in Civil Case... 311 d. Strict Scrutiny... 311 e. Prince v. Massachusetts, 321 U.S. 158 (1944)... 316 f. Problem: Unemployment Compensation and Care for Child... 319 g. Sherbert v. Verner, 374 U.S. 398 (1963)... 319 h. Gillette v. United States, 401 U.S. 437 (1971)... 323 i. Problem: The Bad Amish... 325 j. Wisconsin v. Yoder, 406 U.S. 205 (1972)... 326 k. United States v. Lee, 455 U.S. 252 (1982)... 335 l. Bob Jones Univ. v. United States, 461 U.S. 574 (1983)... 337 4. The Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) Regime... 339 a. Summary... 339 b. Problem: RFRA vs. Sherbert/Yoder... 340 c. RFRA, 42 U.S.C. 2000bb to 2000bb-4 (enacted 1993)... 340 d. Problem: RLUIPA... 342 e. Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act, 42 U.S.C. 2000cc et seq. (enacted 2000)... 342 5. The Debate About Original Meaning... 344 a. City of Boerne v. Flores, 521 U.S. 507 (1997)... 344 b. Policy Original Meaning, see p. 113... 356 6. Constitutional/RFRA Religious Exemptions and the Burden Threshold... 356 a. Summary... 356 b. Problem: The Secluded Shrines... 358 c. Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Ass n, 485 U.S. 439 (1988)... 359 7. Constitutional/RFRA Exemptions and the Government Acting in Special Roles... 370

xix a. Summary...370 b. Problem: Government as Employer...370 c. Problem: Sikhs and Knives in Schools...371 d. Problem: Religious Objections to School Curriculum...371 V. NONGOVERNMENTAL ACTIONS AND RELIGION...373 A. Actions by Employers...373 a. Summary...373 b. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended...374 c. Problem: Religious Symbols...375 d. Problem: Religious Objection to Posted Material...376 e. Problem: Religious Objection to Assisting with Abortions...376 f. TWA v. Hardison, 432 U.S. 63 (1977)...377 INDEX...387