KLUWER LAW INTERNATIONAL Traditional Knowledge, Traditional Cultural Expressions and Intellectual Property Law in the Asia-Pacific Region Edited by Christoph Antons I Wolters Kluwer Law & Business AUSTIN BOSTON CHICAGO NEW YORK THE NETHERLANDS
Summary of Contents Contributors Preface v xix xxi Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Christoph Antons I. The Subject Matter: The Relationship between Traditional Knowledge and Intellectual Property Rights 1 II. The Regional Focus: Asia and the Pacific 5 III. The Individual Contributions in this Volume 7 Parti The International Debate about Traditional Knowledge, Traditional Cultural Expressions and Intellectual Property 37 Chapter 2 The International Debate about Traditional Knowledge and Approaches in the Asia-Pacific Region ~' 39 Christoph Antons I. The Development of the Traditional Knowledge Debate as Reflected in International Conventions 39 II. Property Discourses and the Revival of Customary Law 48
x III. The Various Forms of Traditional Knowledge and Their Beneficiaries 51 A. Traditional Knowledge and Traditional Cultural Expressions in Indonesia 53 B. Traditional Knowledge in Biodiversity: Community Intellectual Rights in the Philippines 60 C. Traditional Knowledge in Agriculture: The Indian Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Act 63 IV. Some Preliminary Conclusions and Suggestions for Solutions 64 Chapter 3 How Are the Different Views of Traditional Knowledge Linked by International Law and Global Governance? 67 Christopher Arup I. Introduction 67 II. Common Heritage, Public Domain 69 III. Geography, Place, Sovereignty 70 IV. Community, Culture, Custom, Identity 71 V. Private Property, IP, Sui Generis Forms 73 VI. Contracts, Markets, Partnerships, Networks 74 VII. TK Law Making 75 VIII. Rule Making or Governance 75 IX. WTO 77 X. CBD 79 XI. WIPO 81 XII. Conclusion 82 Part II Proposals for the Protection of Traditional Knowledge and Traditional Cultural Expressions 85 Chapter 4 Protection of Traditional Knowledge by Geographical Indications 87 Michael Blakeney I. Introduction 87 II. TK within WIPO 89 III. Debates about the Potential of GIs to Protect TK 92 IV. TK Policy Issues 96 V. International Developments on GIs 101 VI. GIs, TK and Handicrafts 105 VII. Conclusion 107
xi Chapter 5 An Analysis of WIPO's Latest Proposal and the Model Law 2002 of the Pacific Community for the Protection of Traditional Cultural Expressions 109 Silke von Lewinski I. Introduction 109 II. The Most Recent Draft Provisions of WIPO and of the Model Law 2002 of the Pacific Community 111 A. Overview 111 B. Subject Matter of Protection 112 C. Beneficiaries of Protection 113 D. Contents and Scope of Protection 115 E. Management of Rights 117 F. Exceptions and Limitations 119 G. The Duration of Protection 120 H. Formalities 121 I. Sanctions, Remedies and Exercise of Rights 122 J. Transitional Measures 122 K. Relation to Intellectual Property and Certain Measures 123 L. International and Regional Protection 123 III. Outlook 124 Chapter 6 The Role of Customary Law and Practice in the Protection of Traditional Knowledge Related to Biological Diversity 127 Brendan Tobin I. Introduction 127 II. International Protection of Traditional Knowledge Related to Biological Diversity 129 A. Convention on Biological Diversity 129 1. CBD and TK " 133 B. WIPO IGC 135 C. Human Rights and Protection of TK 136 1. United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 136 2. ILO Convention 169 137 III. Misappropriation as a Framework for International Protection oftk 138 A. Misappropriation as a Basis for Protection of TK 139 B. Disclosure of Origin 140 C. Certificates of Origin 141
xii D. Traditional Knowledge Databases and Registers 142 E. Public Domain 143 IV. Role of Customary Law in Protection of TK 144 A. Recognition of Customary Law in National Law 146 B. Customary and Legal Certainty 148 C. Enforcing Customary Law 149 D. Traditional Knowledge Protocols 151 V. The Role of CBD in Protection of TK 152 A. Responsibility for Protection of TK Related to Biological Diversity 152 B. Strengthening Traditional Knowledge and Innovations Systems - 153 C. Securing Holistic Protection of TK Related to Biological Diversity 154 VI. Conclusions 155 Part III Sociological and Anthropological Perspectives and the Revival of Customary Law 157 Chapter 7 Can Modern Law Safeguard Archaic Cultural Expressions? Observations from a Legal Sociology Perspective 159 Christoph Beat Graber I. Introduction 160 II. Collisions of Modern and Archaic Patterns of Social Organization 162 A. Aboriginal Art and Totemic Culture 162 B. Modern versus Archaic Concepts of Artefacts 165 C. Modern Law versus Indigenous Customary Laws 167 III. Private Property Rights and Public Interests in TCE 169 IV. Human Rights as Collision Norms? 173 V. Summary 176 Chapter 8 Branding Identity and Copyrighting Culture: Orientations towards the Customary in Traditional Knowledge Discourse 177 Martin Chanock I. What is Customary Law? 178 A. After Empire: Customary Law in Failing States 179 B. What Do We Mean by 'Indigenous Peoples' or 'Traditional Groups'? 180 II. Custom and Culture as Representation 180
xiii A. Signs, Representations and Cultural Markets 181 III. Creating Cultures and Styles 185 IV. Property, Customary Law and Culture 186 A. Communities and Collectivities: Membership and Management 188 B. IP, the Global Commons and Law and Cultural Heritage 188 V. Ways Forward? 189 Chapter 9 'Being Indigenous' in Indonesia and the Philippines 195 Gerard A. Persoon I. Introduction 195 II. Indonesia 198 A. Colonial History 198 B. Tribes and the Indonesian Bureaucracy 199 C. Indonesia and International Organizations 201 D. AMAN (Aliansi Masyarakat Adat Nusantara) 202 E. A Case Study from Indonesia 204 F. Future Prospects 205 III. The Philippines 206 A. Diversity of Indigenous Peoples 207 B. Colonial and Early Post-colonial Attitudes 207 C. PANAMIN, the Chico Dam and the Tasaday 209 D. People's Power to Ancestral Domains 211 E. Indigenous Peoples Rights Act of 1997 212 F. A Case Study from the Philippines 213 IV. Conclusion 215 Part IV The Digitization of Traditional Knowledge 217 Chapter 10 Indigenous Heritage and the Digital Commons 219 Eric Kansa I. Introduction 219 II. How Is Indigenous Knowledge Going Online? 221 III. 'Top Down' Models of Cultural Heritage Dissemination 223 IV. Information and Legal Architectures 225 V. Capacity Building and Participatory Frameworks 226 VI. Web 2.0 and Traditional Knowledge 230 VII. Structured Data and Community Participation 234 VIII. Building on This Vision with icommons 237
xiv IX. Problems and Questions with the Digital Commons 237 X. Customized Legal Tools for Indigenous Cultural Expressions 239 XI. Conclusions 243 Chapter 11 Traditional Cultural Expression and the Internet World 245 Brian Fitzgerald and Susan Hedge I. Introduction 245 II. Background 246 A. The Internet Landscape 246 B. The Protection of Traditional Cultural Expression 247 1. TCE and TK: An Acceptable Definition? 247 2. A Brief Consideration of the Options 249 3. Protocols: An Opportunity 250 III. Existing Practice 253 A. Terms of Use and Internet Content Regulation 255 1. YouTube 255 2. Google 256 3. Flickr/Yahoo! Inc. 258 4. Wikipedia 258 5. Network Corporations: Web Hosting and ISPs 259 6. Conclusions 260 B. Maori TCE and Lego Bionicles 260 1. Lego's Use of Maori TCE 260 2. The Dispute Enters the Internet World: BZPower 261 3. Sony's Response in the Face of Similar Concerns 263 C. TCE on the Internet: Americans Playing Didgeridoos 264 IV. Proposals: Going Digital 265 A. Pre-release Actions 266 1. WIPO: Summit and Education Program 266 2. Terms of Use 267 3. Labelling/Badging of TCE by Indigenous Groups 268 B. Protocols for Action Post-release 269 1. Breaching Terms and Conditions or Acceptable Use Policies 269 2. Recognizing the Misuse of TCE 270 3. Actions to Take Post-release: Consultation, Investigation, Notification, Mediation and Take-Down 270 V. Conclusion 272 Part V Traditional Knowledge and Traditional Cultural Expressions in Australia and New Zealand 273
xv Chapter 12 Cultural Property and 'the Public Domain': Case Studies from New Zealand and Australia 275 Susy Frankel and Megan Richardson I. Introduction 275 II. What do Indigenous Peoples Seek to Protect? 277 III. Three Case Studies 280 A. Haka 280 B. Koru 283 C. Boomerang 288 IV. Concluding Thoughts 291 Chapter 13 The Recognition of Traditional Knowledge under Australian Biodiscovery Regimes: Why Bother with Intellectual Property Rights? 293 Natalie P. Stoianoff I. Introduction 293 II. Biodiscovery in Australia 296 III. Biological Resources in Commonwealth Areas 301 IV. Biodiscovery in the State of Queensland 307 VI. Conclusion 311 Part VI Traditional Knowledge and Traditional Cultural Expressions in Various Asian Jurisdictions 313 Chapter 14 Protection of Traditional Knowledge in the SAARC Region and India's Efforts 315 S.K. Verma I. Introduction 315 II. The Importance of Protection of TK to the SAARC Region 318 A. Follow Up Action and Areas of Cooperation 319 III. Draft SAARC Framework Instrument: Salient Features 321 1. Exceptions and Limitations to TK Acquisition 322 2. Prior Informed Consent 323 3. Benefit Sharing 323 4. Enforcement 323 5. Duration of Protection 324 A. Creation of TKDL for SAARC Countries 324
XVI IV. V. National Initiatives on the Protection of Traditional Knowledge A. Bangladesh B. Pakistan C. India 1. Patents (Amendment) Act 2. Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Act (PPVFR Act), 2001 3. The Biological Diversity Act,2002 a. Documentation: TKDL Conclusion 325 326 327 329 329 330 332 336 338 Chapter 15 The Protection of Expressions of Folklore in Sri Lanka 341 Indunil Abeyesekere I. Introduction 341 II. Protection of Folklore under the Code of Intellectual Property Act, No. 52 of 1979 342 III. Protection of Expressions of Folklore under the Intellectual Property Act, No. 36 of 2003 342 IV. How to Improve the Protection of Expressions of Folklore in Sri Lanka 346 A. Financial Interests 346 1. Prior Informed Consent 347 2. Domaine Public Payant System 349 3. Proposed Amendments with Regard to Financial Interests 350 B. Interests of Authenticity 351 1. Certification and Other Collective Marks 351 2. Certification Stamps and Hallmarks 353 3. Proposed Amendments with Regard to Interests of Authenticity 353 C. Interests in the Integrity of Expressions of Folklore 355 D. Application of Customary Law 359 V. Conclusion 361 Chapter 16 Traditional Medicine and Intellectual Property Rights: A Case Study of the Indonesian jamu Industry 363 Christoph Antons and Rosy Antons-Sutanto I. Introduction 363 II. The Origin of jamu 368 III. Commercialization of Traditional Knowledge 372
xvii IV. Toward Standardized jamu 378 A. Non-standardized jamu 378 B, Standardized jamu 379 V. Traditional Knowledge and Pharmaceutical Products 380 VI. Indonesian Traditional Medicine, Its Legal Regulation and Relationship with IPR 380 VII. Conclusion 383 Index 385