Macedon From Amyntas I to Philip II
Location
Geography
Political Structure Ø Small agricultural or mountain villages governed by a local baron. Ø Monarchy dependent upon the barons. Ø The king was primus inter pares. Ø Accession required ratification of the barons Ø International treaties often required the inclusion of the barons as signatories. Ø There was little or no court formality.
Argead Royal House Amyntas I ca. 513 497 BC Bubares = Gygea Alexander I 497-454
Amyntas I Ø 513-497 Ø Nominal subject of Darius I after 512 Ø Benefited from the defeat of the Paeonians. Ø Athenian proxenos Ø Offered Hippias Anthemous in 506 BC.
Alexander I Ø Subject to Persia from 492 BC. Ø Helped Xerxes with supplies and directions. Ø Philhellene Ø Olympic competitor in 508 or 504 Ø Provided lumber for Athenian fleet Ø Proxenos for Athens by 480 BC. Ø Joined the Delian League
Fifth Century Argeadae Alexander I 497-454 Perdiccas 454-413 Menelaus Amyntas Archelaus 413-399 Arrhidaeus Orestes Amyntas II 399 96 394/3 Eurydice = Amyntas III 392-370
Amyntas III Ø 392 370 Ø Euridice, daughter of Sirrhas of Lyncestis Ø Defeated by Illyrians in 394/3 Ø Returned in 392 with aid of Chalcidians Ø Attacked Chalcidians in 383: Ø Driven back even losing Pella Ø Returned with support of Sparta
Sons of Amyntas: Amyntas III = Eurydice Alexander II Perdiccas III Philip II (369-68) (365 59) (359 36)
Philip II Ø Philip s problems in 359: Ø Illyria hostile (holding upper Macedonia) Ø Threat from Thrace; Ø Supporting Pausanias for the throne Ø The Paeonian raids along the Axios. Ø Athens asserting claims on Amphipolis Ø Supporting Argaeus for the throne Ø Archelaus (half brother) claimed the throne
Philip II
Philip s Solutions: Ø The Paeonians and Illyrians were greedy so he bought them off. Ø Argaeus was overconfident so he ambushed him. Ø Athens claimed to be freeing Amphipolis so Philip granted them their freedom. Ø Philip settled with Archelaus
Philip s Reforms Ø Weaponry standardized and provided by the state. Ø The spear was replaced by the sarissa, Ø Troops under the pay of the king and could be drilled regularly. Ø The panoply was lightened. Ø The cavalry became an offensive arm. Ø The nobility were included in a reciprocal deal
Macedonian Phalanx
Philip on the Offensive Ø 358: Attacked and defeated the Paeonians and Illyrians. Ø 357: Took Amphipolis. Ø With Olynthus attacked Potidaea. Ø Took Crenides and renamed it Philippi. Ø Revenues from gold mines Ø 357 BC. Ø Alexander of Pherae assassinated. Ø Philip drawn into a protracted war in Thessaly
The Sacred War Ø 355 347: Ø Phocians sieze Delphi Ø Philip supporting Larissa against Pherae Ø Phocis, Pherae, Athens and Sparta Ø Vs. Ø Thebes, Larissa (and Philip) Ø Philip given control of Amphictyonic Council
Expansion of Macedon Ø 344: Conquest of Illyria Ø 343: Conquest of Thrace Ø 341/0: Ø Philip attacked Perinthus and Byzantium. Ø Resistance from both Athens and Persia brought a truce Ø 338: Ø Philip marches against Athens Ø Athens and Thebes defeated at Chaeronea
The League of Corinth Ø 337: Ø Philip convenes council of Greek states at Corinth Ø Philip elected hegemon Ø Panhellenic war against Persia Ø 336: Ø Attalus and Parmenion lead advance force to the Troad
Death of Philip Ø 336: Ø Cleopatra, daughter of Philip, to marry Alexander of Epirus Ø Pausanias, member of the bodyguard, assassinates Philip.
Philip s Legacy