The Urban Book Series

The Urban Book Series

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Carlos Nunes Silva Ján Buček Editors Local Government and Urban Governance in Europe 123

Editors Carlos Nunes Silva Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon Portugal Ján Buček Department of Human Geography and Demography Comenius University Bratislava Slovakia ISSN 2365-757X ISSN 2365-7588 (electronic) The Urban Book Series ISBN 978-3-319-43978-5 ISBN 978-3-319-43979-2 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-43979-2 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016948116 Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland

Contents 1 Introduction... 1 Carlos Nunes Silva and Ján Buček Part I Crisis, Reform and Innovation in Local Government 2 Political and Administrative Decentralization in Portugal: Four Decades of Democratic Local Government.... 9 Carlos Nunes Silva 3 Why and When Countries Implement Local Public Administration Reforms: A Long-Term View of Reform Dynamics in Slovakia, 1990 2015.... 33 Ján Buček 4 Local Self-Government in Hungary: The Impact of Crisis.... 71 Adrián Fábián 5 Local Government Innovation in Italy and its Impact on Urban and Regional Planning with a Focus on the Milanese Context... 89 Renzo Riboldazzi Part II Eu Policies, The Urban Agenda and Local Governance 6 Urban Dimension of the European Policies and the New EU Urban Agenda in Croatia.... 113 Dana Dobrić 7 The Relationship Between the European Commission and Local Government Through European Urban Initiatives: Constraints and Solidarities... 133 Oussama Kharchi v

vi Contents 8 Mega-Events and New Patterns of Cooperation: The European Capitals of Culture... 149 Ágnes Németh 9 Urban Regeneration and Local Governance in Italy: Three Emblematic Cases.... 171 Anna Trono, Maria Chiara Zerbi and Valentina Castronuovo 10 Involving Citizens in the Reuse and Regeneration of Urban Peripheral Spaces... 193 Gerardo Sassano, Antonio Graziadei, Federico Amato and Beniamino Murgante Part III Citizen Participation in Local Self-Government 11 Assessment of Socio-Economic Status Relevance for Latvian Electoral Participation... 209 Lilita Seimuskane, Inga Vilka and Edgars Brekis 12 Making Informed Citizens in Local Direct Democracy. What Part Does Their Government Perform?... 233 Werner Pleschberger Index... 261

List of Figures Figure 2.1 The structure of local government in Portugal 2015... 11 Figure 3.1 GDP per capita development 1992 2014 in Slovakia (in USD). Source OECD 2015 (1992 1994, 2014 estimation)... 52 Figure 3.2 GDP growth in Slovakia 1994 2014 (year to year change in %). Source OECD (2016) (1994 1996, 2014 estimated)... 52 Figure 3.3 Unemployment rate in Slovakia 1991 2014 (in %). Source OECD... 53 Figure 3.4 Exchange rate SKK (Slovak Crown) to USD. Source NBS 2015... 53 Figure 3.5 General government debt to GDP development in Slovakia (in %). Source OECD (2016)... 55 Figure 3.6 Total revenues of local self-governments in Slovakia (th. EUR). Sources Ministry of Finance of the Slovak Republic (2016).... 56 Figure 3.7 Policy priorities in Slovakia after 1989 (own elaboration)... 60 Figure 4.1 Changes of EUR/HUF and CHF/HUF exchange rates (yearly average). Source Hungarian National Bank... 82 Figure 4.2 Changes of Hungarian local self-government debts, billion EUR, 2007 2010. Source Mohl (2012)... 83 Figure 8.1 Aggregate networks of the Pécs 2010 and Turku 2011 projects showing the regional dimension. Note: the size of nodes indicates the number of links of a node on the aggregated level variety of links (i.e. the larger the node, the more different links it has with other groups), while the thickness of the links shows the number of connections on the level of organisations summated under the nodes. Source: Survey data (2014 2015) processed and visualised by NetMiner 4 software.... 157 vii

viii List of Figures Figure 8.2 Aggregate networks of the Pécs 2010 and Turku 2011 projects showing the legal status (sectorial) dimension. Note: the size of nodes indicates the number of links of a node on the aggregated level variety of links (i.e. the larger the node, the more different links it has with other groups), while the thickness of the links shows the number of connections on the level of organisations summated under the nodes. Source Survey data (2014 2015) processed and visualised by NetMiner 4 software... 157 Figure 8.3 Aggregate networks of the Pécs 2010 and Turku 2011 projects showing the field of activity dimension. Note: the size of nodes indicates the number of links of a node on the aggregated level variety of links (i.e. the larger the node, the more different links it has with other groups), while the thickness of the links shows the number of connections on the level of organisations summated under the nodes. Source: Survey data (2014 2015) processed and visualised by NetMiner 4 software.... 159 Figure 8.4 The dynamics of the cooperation networks related to the Pécs 2010 and Turku 2011 projects. Source: Survey data (2014 2015) processed and visualised by NetMiner 4 software... 160 Figure 9.1 Conservatorio di Sant Anna. Source: Euromed Agency.... 176 Figure 9.2 Environmental degradation. Source: Valentina Castronuovo... 180 Figure 10.1 The Serpentone : a A picture shortly after its completion when it was disconnected from the central part of Potenza (left), b the original project (right-up), c a recent picture which highlights how urban development has included the neighbourhood in the urban part of the city (right-down) (Source Municipality of Potenza)... 199 Figure 10.2 a The realised project (left), b the original project (right-up), c the roof garden totally abandoned (right-down) (Source www.archea.it; authors)... 200 Figure 10.3 a Workshop participants guide students from school to the ship, b few games built by workshop participants were enough to bring the neighbourhood children on the ship, c a small boat on the roof garden of the ship, d children were encouraged to express, through the game of it can, all that was possible to do in the neighbourhood, e the Solarium, space created during the workshop, attracts children and local residents, f The ship cargo has become a site of painting exhibition (Source Salvatore Laurenzana, photographer, 14 21 September 2014)... 202

List of Figures ix Figure 11.1 Figure 11.2 Figure 11.3 Figure 11.4 Figure 11.5 Figure 11.6 Figure 11.7 Figure 11.8 Figure 11.9 Voter turnout in elections to the Parliament, European Parliament, and local governments in Latvia (1994, 2004, 2010). Source The Central Election Commission of Latvia 2015.... 211 The administrative-territorial division and local governments in Latvia. Source Vilka and Seimuskane (2012)... 214 The territories of statistical regions in Latvia (Source Picture from publication of Latvian Academy of Science, Vilka 2013)... 214 Distribution of municipalities by voter turnout in the local elections of 2013 and elections to the European Parliament in 2014. Source A boxplot developed by the author using data of the CEC of Latvia on voter turnout... 216 Correlation between voter turnout in the local elections in 2013 and elections to the European Parliament in 2014. Source Calculations made by the authors, data of the CEC of Latvia... 218 Distribution of municipalities by personal income tax revenues per capita in Latvia in 2013. Source The boxplot made by the authors using the calculation on revenue from the personal income tax in the budgets of local governments per capita available in the regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia (2013)... 221 Distribution of municipalities by the number of population (log scale) in Latvia in 2013. Source A boxplot developed by the authors using the OCMA data about the number of population as of 1 January 2013... 222 Distribution of municipalities in Latvia by individuals with higher education per 1000 inhabitants in Latvia. Source A boxplot developed by the authors using the CSB s data on higher education... 223 Distribution of municipalities by old-age pension beneficiaries per 1000 inhabitants in Latvia in 2013. Source A boxplot developed by the authors using the SSIA data on the number of old-age pension beneficiaries... 224 Figure 11.10 Distribution of municipalities by proportion of Latvian population in Latvia in 2013. Source A boxplot developed by the authors using the CSB data about the number of population at the beginning of 2013... 225 Figure 11.11 Distribution of municipalities by live births per 1000 inhabitants in Latvia in 2013. Source A boxplot developed by the authors using the CSB data on the number of births... 226

List of Tables Table 2.1 Local government in Portugal, 1974 2015... 12 Table 2.2 Municipalities and parishes: area and population... 12 Table 3.1 Main periods of local public administration reforms schematic outline of years with reform... 44 Table 3.2 Central governments and their composition in Slovakia 1989 2016.... 58 Table 3.3 Coincidence matrix of selected events and factors development... 64 Table 6.1 Good local government principles encompassed in the EU and the CoE instruments... 124 Table 8.1 Summary of basic network characteristics of the Pécs 2010 and the Turku 2011 European capitals of culture (during the event year)... 156 Table 8.2 Network characteristics of the Pécs 2010 and Turku 2011 projects based on centrality analysis... 162 Table 8.3 Networking compared to the evaluation of the Pécs 2010 and Turku 2011 ECOC events... 165 Table 8.4 Evaluation of ECOC and the experienced impact on individual organisations networking... 165 Table 11.1 Citizens trust in public authorities in Latvia (%)... 210 Table 11.2 The Local governments with the highest voter turnout at the local elections in 2013... 215 Table 11.3 Local governments with the highest voter turnout in the elections to the European Parliament in 2014... 217 Table 11.4 Estimates of logistic regressions of voter turnout in local elections in 2013 and EP elections in 2014... 228 Table 12.1 Institutional characteristics of cities... 242 xi