Resettlement Planning Document Resettlement Plan for Dumka Barhet Section Document Stage: Draft Project Number: 40005 May 2009 India: Jharkhand State Roads Project Prepared by Road Construction Department, Government of Jharkhand. The resettlement plan is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.
Resettlement plan TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Abbreviations 5 Executive Summary 6 Chapter 1 : The Project Background 6 1.1. Project Description 6 1.2. Project Benefits and impacts 11 1.3. Measures to minimize impacts 12 1.4. Objectives of the Resettlement Plan 13 Chapter 2 : Project State and Subproject District 14 2.1. Project State 14 2.2. Subproject Districts 15 Chapter 3 : Findings of the Resettlement Census Survey 17 3.1. Objectives of the Resettlement Census Survey 17 3.2. Methodology 17 3.3. Findings of the Resettlement Census survey 17 3.4. Gender impacts of the subproject 22 3.5. Scope of the Land & Assets Acquisition 25 3.6. Impact on Agricultural land 26 3.7. Impact on Residential Assets 28 3.8. Impact on Commercial Assets 30 3.9. Impact on Residential cum Commercial Assets 33 3.10. Other Losses 35 3.11. Loss of Trees 36 3.12. Awareness & Perceptions of the affected households on the subproject 37 3.13. Impact of the Project on Government property & other institutions 37-2 -
Chapter 4 : Impact on Indigenous Peoples in the Project Area 40 4.1. Schedules Tribes (ST) in Jharkhand 40 4.2. Key impacts of the Project on ST Households 40 4.3. Involuntary Resettlement Impacts on Scheduled Tribes 44 4.4. Mitigation measures for ST Households 47 Chapter 5 : Resettlement Policy Framework & Entitlement Matrix 49 5.1. Introduction 49 5.2. Policy Framework Review of Resettlement Policies, Legal Framework & ADB Requirements 49 5.3. ADB Policy on Involuntary Resettlement 50 5.4. Similarities & Differences between NPRR & ADB Policy 51 5.5. Resettlement Policy & Principles for the subproject 54 5.6. Entitlement Matrix 55 5.7. Cut-off Date 60 5.8. Valuation of affected assets 60 5.9. Disposal of Acquired Property 62 Chapter 6: Consultations & Stakeholder Participation 62 6.1. Introduction 62 6.2. Methods of community consultation 62 6.3. Consultation Scope & Issues 63 6.4. Feedback from Consultations 63 6.5. Disclosure of the Resettlement Plan 67 6.6. Plan for further Consultations and Community Participation during Project Implementation 68 Chapter 7: Institutional Framework 69 7.1. Introduction 69 7.2. Executing Agency 69 7.3. Roles & Responsibilities 69-3 -
7.4. RP Implementation Schedule 73 Chapter 8: Cost Estimates & Budget 77 Chapter 9 : Monitoring & Evaluation 82 9.1 Need for monitoring 82 9.2 Monitoring at EA level 82 9.3 Stages of Monitoring 83 9.4. Reporting Requirements 85 LIST OF ANNEXES Annexure I : Resettlement Survey Questionnaires Annexure II: List of Project Affected Persons and Assets Annexure III: Terms of reference for the NGO/ R&R Implementation agency Annexure III: Terms of Reference for an External Monitoring & Evaluation Agency/Consultant - 4 -
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ADB BSR BPL EA FGD GOI GRC HH IPSA IP JH Kms LA NGO NPRR PPTA PRA RP RO R&R SC Sq.mts ST TORs Asian Development Bank Building Schedule Rates Below Poverty Line Executing Agency Focus Group Discussions Government of India Grievance Redressal Cell Household Initial Poverty & Social Assessment Indigenous Peoples Jharkhand Kilometers Land Acquisition Non-Government Organizations National Policy on Resettlement & Rehabilitation Project Preparatory Technical Assistance Participatory Rural Appraisal Resettlement Plan Resettlement Officer Resettlement & Rehabilitation Schedule Caste Square Meters Schedule Tribe Terms of Reference - 5 -
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. The Project The Jharkhand (JH) State Highway Project entails the upgradation and improvement of the existing State roads of Jharkhand with ADB assistance under the ADB s Country Operations Business Plan (2007-2009). The project will rehabilitate the deteriorated and damaged state road corridors to provide reliable road transport service sand hence reduce poverty in the long term. The Executing Agency (EA) for this project will be the Jharkhand State Road Construction Department (JHRCD) which is responsible for about 6800 kms roads consisting of NH s, SH s and District roads. In accordance with ADB s procedure for Project lending, a project road has been selected in the state of JH for project preparation and processing. This subproject comprises of the upgradation of the State highway section of Gobindpur Jamtara Dumka Barhet Sahebganj comprising of a total length of 310.7 kms, traversing through a total of six districts in the state. This existing road will be converted into a 2 lane State Highway under the Project. 2. Project Benefits and Impacts The Project will augment connectivity between the six districts (Dhanbad, Jamtara, Dumka, Deoghar, Pakur and Sahibganj) and will lead to the easy accessibility of the local people to essential socio-economic services such as health care, education, administrative services and trade centres enhancing the general quality of life. One of the key problems faced by the local people presently is the lack of means of transport, as very few public transport ply on these roads due to the poor road condition. The limited transport vehicles that do ply charge nearly double fare particularly making accessing socio-economic services difficult for the poor communities in the area. The Project, by improving road condition, is anticipated to improve access and transport options manifold thereby benefiting the locals particularly the poor. The Package III from Dumka to Barhet is the longest package of the total project corridor, the corridor takes off from Dumka Bypass (near Santhal Paragna College) passes through Kathikund Gopikandar - Amrapara Litipara and reaches Barhet. The sub project corridor in this package passes through sensitive areas such as tribal village like Kadma, Sonajori etc, where availability of ROW is narrow. As part of the Project, the existing road in Package III would be improved and widened to standard two lane entailing a total widening of 30 to 45 meters 1. Taking into account the widening involved, despite the anticipated social economic benefits, the Project will necessitate land acquisition hence entailing involuntary resettlement. In order to assess the Project level resettlement impacts, a detailed census survey was undertaken packagewise from January 2008 onwards. During the survey, it is estimated that a total of 1588 households will be affected in Package III - Dumka- Barhet subproject. The impacts 1 In case of Jamtara & Dumka bypass, in some places a total widening of 45 meters will be undertaken taking into account technical specifications. While definite limits of ROW at site was not available, during surveys rough calculations were made based on record review and interaction with community and revenue officials and on the basis of these calculations, package wise width of the ROW was found to be upto 15 meters. - 6 -
of the present project largely include loss of land (residential and commercial); structure (residential, commercial and government & institution owned) income and livelihood (owners, employees, squatters). A total of 120.12 acres of land and 2457 assets (comprising of agricultural plots, residential, commercial and residential cum commercial assets, trees etc) will be affected as a result of the subproject improvements. The data gathered from the census survey reveals that amongst the affected 1588 households, the majority 60% will incur loss of agricultural land, followed by 25% households incurring loss of residential structures. In addition, 7% will incur impact on Commercial assets and 6% on residential cum commercial assets. Table A presents a summary profile of the affected project population in the subproject as a whole. Table A: Summary Profile of Affected Population in Package III Dumka to Barhet Description Total Project Affected Households Total Project Affected Persons Total land getting affected Average Family Size of affected households Total No. of Affected Households with vulnerabilities Total No. of Affected Employees Total No. of Affected Tenants Main Occupation of Affected households Units 1588 households 10,025 persons 120.12 acres 6.3 persons 1262 households 58 Employees 44 Tenants Majority of the households deriving their incomes and livelihoods from more than one source namely Agriculture, Trade & Business, government service, private service, non-agriculture labor etc. Source: Resettlement Census Survey, 2008 C. Measures to Minimize Impact All necessary efforts have been made in order to minimize the subproject impacts and to reduce disruption of livelihood. In order to minimize impacts to the maximum possible extent, adequate provisions have been incorporated into the planning and design of the subproject to minimize or mitigate any unavoidable impacts. The key technical efforts undertaken to minimize impacts comprise of provision for - a) Community bypasses in several village areas and built up areas and into a more rural setting, b) reduction of Alignment & following existing road alignment in critical areas, and c) adoption of toe wall approach in embankment construction. - 7 -
D. Objective of the Resettlement Plan The resettlement plan (RP) is guided by the National R&R Policy - 2007, JH R&R Norms 2009, Bihar R&R Policy - 2007 and various state laws on land acquisition, and relevant ADB Policy on Involuntary Resettlement (1995) and Operations Manual F2 on Involuntary Resettlement (2006). The primary objective of the RP is to identify impacts and to plan measures to mitigate various losses of the subproject. The RP is based on the general findings of the resettlement census survey, field visits, and meetings with various project-affected persons in the subproject area. The RP presents (i) type and extent of loss of assets, including land and structures; (ii) principles and legal framework applicable for mitigation of losses; (iii) entitlement matrix, based on the inventory of loss and (iii) budget, institutional framework for the implementation of the plan, including monitoring and evaluation. E. Stakeholder Participation and Disclosure of RP Local level stakeholders were consulted in the subproject area while conducting initial social and poverty assessment. Similarly, due consideration was also given for Stakeholder consultations and community participation at different levels during RP preparation. A summary of this Resettlement Plan (RP) will be translated into Hindi and Santhali and will be made available to the affected people by the Executing Agency (EA) for review and comments on the policy and mitigation measures by means of subproject-level Disclosure workshops prior to loan negotiation. Copies of summary RP will also be made available at the local level public offices such as revenue offices and gram panchayat to stakeholders for local inputs prior to award of civil work contract. The proceedings of the disclosure workshop and the feedback received will be sent to ADB for review. The summary of the final RP will also be disclosed on the ADB Website. F. Implementation Arrangements & Grievance Redressal Executing Agency (EA) of the State Road Project in Jharkhand is the Road Construction Department (RCD) of the State government and will be responsible for overall strategic guidance, technical supervision, execution of the project, and ensuring compliance with the loan covenants. Project Implementation Cell under Road Construction Department will be established in Ranchi. This PIC will be headed by a full-time Director (ADB Project) reporting to the Secretary RCD. PIC would also ensure monitoring any changes to the subproject design. In case of change in subproject design thereby entailing change in resettlement impacts, a reevaluation and updation of the RP will be undertaken. The updated RP will be disclosed to the APs, endorsed by the EA and will be submitted to ADB for approval prior to award of civil works contracts for the subproject. The updated RP, not just the summary will be disclosed to the APs as well as uploaded on the ADB website and ERA website 2 after ADB review and approval. PIC would also ensure that resettlement budgets are delivered on time for RP implementation. A field based District level Implementation Cell, headed by an 2 The ERA website is presently under construction. - 8 -
Executive Engineer and assisted by a dedicated R&R Officer (RO) to implement the RP, will be responsible for the day-to-day implementation of the RP. This DIC will be assisted by local NGOs/R&R Implementation agency. In order to resolve and address the grievances of the communities and people affected, a Grievance Redressal Cell would be established at the District Implementation Cell level. This Cell will comprise of the Executive Engineer, local NGO representative, community leaders (non- political), representatives of affected persons including women and vulnerable groups. To facilitate inter-departmental coordination as well as ensure speedy resolution of issues and grievances of the communities, a District level task force chaired by District Collector and comprising of District Land Acquisition Officer (DLAO), District Forest Officer (DFO), Executive Engineer and Additional District Magistrate and Relief Officer has been constituted at the each district level. All compensation and other assistances 3 will be paid to all APs prior to commencement of civil works. A detailed implementation schedule for the various activities is provided in Figure 7.2 in the main text. G. Budget The total estimated cost for resettlement operation and management for the Project is Rs. 188,929,276 (USD 4,498,316). H. Training, Monitoring & Evaluation An orientation and training in resettlement management will be provided under the Project by the ADB Consultant to the NGOs/R&R Implementation agency focusing on issues concerning - (i) principles and procedures of land acquisition; (ii) the policies and principles agreed under the ADB loan; (iii) public consultation and participation; (iv) entitlements and compensation disbursement mechanisms; (v) Grievance redressal and (vi) monitoring of resettlement operation. The RP will have both internal and external monitoring. Internal Monitoring will be a regular activity for the PIC, which will oversee the timely implementation of R&R activities. Internal Monitoring will be carried out by the PIC and its agents, such as NGO/R&R Implementation agency and will prepare monthly reports on the progress of RP Implementation. External (or independent) monitoring will be hired by ADB to provide an independent periodic assessment of resettlement implementation and impacts to verify internal monitoring, and to suggest adjustment of delivery mechanisms and procedures as required. 3 While compensation is required prior to dispossession or displacement of affected people from their assets, the full resettlement plan implementation, which may require income rehabilitation measures, might be completed only over a longer period of time after civil works have begun. Affected people will be provided with certain resettlement entitlements, such as land and asset compensation and transfer allowances, prior to their displacement, dispossession, or restricted access. - 9 -
CHAPTER I: THE PROJECT 1.1. Project Description The Jharkhand (JH) State Highway Project entails the upgradation and improvement of the existing State roads of Jharkhand with ADB assistance under the ADB s Country Operations Business Plan (2007-2009). The project will rehabilitate the deteriorated and damaged state road corridors to provide reliable road transport service sand hence reduce poverty in the long term. The Executing Agency (EA) for this project will be the Jharkhand State Road Construction Department (JHRCD) which is responsible for about 6800 kms roads consisting of NH s, SH s and District roads. In accordance with ADB s procedure for Project lending, a project road has been selected in the state of JH for project preparation and processing. This subproject comprises of the upgradation of the State highway section of Gobindpur Jamtara Dumka Barhet Sahebganj comprising of a total length of 310.7 kms, traversing through a total of six districts in the state. This existing road will be converted into a 2 lane State Highway under the Project. The sample subproject has been sub-divided into a total of four packages which are illustrated in Table 1.1 below: Table 1.1: Detail of the sample subproject Package Name of the Package Districts Covered Length (in kms) Package I Govindpur Jamtara Dhanbad, Jamtara 69.7 Km (Jamtara Bypass) 11.0 km Package II: Jamtara Dumka (Dumka Bypass) Jamtara, Dumka, Deoghar 75.5 Km 6.5 km Package III: Dumka Barhet Sahebganj, Dumka, Pakur 98.1 Km Package IV Barhait Sahebganj Sahebganj 49.9 Km TOTAL 6 districts 310.7 kms The project corridor passes through six districts of newly formed state of Jharkhand that are Dhanbad, Jamtara, Dumka, Deoghar, Pakur and Sahebganj. The project region is situated in the north east of the state adjacent to West Bengal of which Dhanbad, Jamtara, Dumka, Deoghar and Sahebganj are the main towns. Dhanbad, known as the Coal capital of India, a big city along the National Highway (NH-2) popularly known as GT Road, is the nerve center of production and distribution of the coals due to its with all weather road connectivity. - 10 -
1.2. Project Benefits and Impacts The state roads network mainly comprises of the state Highways (SHs), Major District Roads (MDRs, Other District Roads (ODRs) and Rural roads (RR). The project aims at improving the state road mainly comprising of state highway and converting it into a two lane State Highway (SH) by upgrading and rehabilitating the existing road. The Project will augment connectivity between the six districts (Dhanbad, Jamtara, Dumka, Deoghar, Pakur and Sahibganj) and will lead to the easy accessibility of the local people to essential socio-economic services such as health care, education, administrative services and trade centres enhancing the general quality of life. One of the key problems faced by the local people presently is the lack of means of transport, as very few public transport ply on these roads due to the poor road condition. The limited transport vehicles that do ply charge nearly double fare particularly making accessing socio-economic services difficult for the poor communities in the area. The Project, by improving road condition, is anticipated to improve access and transport options manifold thereby benefiting the locals particularly the poor. Dumka to Barhet is the longest package of the total project corridor, the corridor takes off from Dumka Bypass (near Santhal Paragna College) passes through Kathikund Gopikandar - Amrapara Litipara and reaches Barhet. The sub project corridor in this package passes through sensitive areas such as tribal village like Kadma, Sonajori etc, where availability of ROW is narrow. As part of the Project, the existing road would be improved and widened to standard two lane entailing a total widening of 30 to 45 meters 4. Though the Project will involve improvements to a two lane standard, the land acquisition undertaken by the government is as per the four-lane expansion criterion taking into account future expansion needs. While definite limits of ROW at site was not available, during surveys rough calculations were made based on record review and interaction with community and revenue officials and on the basis of these calculations, package wise width of the ROW was found to be upto 15 meters. In order to assess the Project level resettlement impacts, a detailed census survey was undertaken packagewise from January 2008 onwards. During the survey, it is estimated that a total of 1588 households will be affected in Package III - Dumka- Barhet subproject. The impacts of the present project largely include loss of land (residential and commercial); structure (residential, commercial and government & institution owned) income and livelihood (owners, employees, squatters). A total of 120.12 acres of land and 2457 assets (comprising of agricultural plots, residential, commercial and residential cum commercial assets, trees etc) will be affected as a result of the subproject improvements. The data gathered from the census survey reveals that amongst the affected 1588 households, the majority 60% will incur loss of agricultural land, followed by 25% 4 In case of Jamtara & Dumka bypass, in some places a total widening of 45 meters will be undertaken taking into account technical specifications. - 11 -
households incurring loss of residential structures. In addition, 7% will incur impact on Commercial assets and 6% on residential cum commercial assets. Of the total 1588 affected households covered during the survey, only 26 households comprised of those incurring more than one type of loss, followed by 4 households incurring other losses such as store, cattle shed etc. Table 1.2 presents a summary profile of the affected project population in the subproject as a whole. Table 1.2: Summary Profile of Affected Population in Package III Dumka to Barhet Description Total Project Affected Households Total Project Affected Persons Total land getting affected Average Family Size of affected households Out of the total affected households, number of households getting displaced Out of the total affected households, no. of Households with vulnerabilities Total No. of Affected Employees Total No. of Affected Tenants Main Occupation of Affected households Units 1588 households 10,025 persons 120.12 acres 6.3 persons 316 households 5 1270 households 58 Employees 44 Tenants Majority of the households deriving their incomes and livelihoods from more than one source namely Agriculture, Trade & Business, government service, private service, non-agriculture labor etc. Source: Resettlement Census Survey, 2008 1.3 Measures to minimize impact All necessary efforts have been made in order to minimize the subproject impacts and to reduce disruption of livelihood. In order to minimize impacts to the maximum possible extent, adequate provisions have been incorporated into the planning and design of the subproject to minimize or mitigate any unavoidable impacts. The key technical efforts undertaken to minimize impact are enumerated below: 5 Of these 316 households, 144 households will incur severe affect on their residential asset making them non-livable. However, 93% (116 asset owners) voiced the need for self managed relocation since they have sufficient land available at the existing dwelling locations along the road on which they can rehabilitate their assets. Similarly in case of the 106 households incurring severe impact on Commercial structure and 66 households on Resi cum Commercial assets, the majority will not be physically displaced and will have sufficient land at the back of the existing structure so as to restore and shift their assets. - 12 -
1. Community bypasses in several village areas Local realignments of the main route that have been introduced in order to shift the roadway (required to be widened to 12m overall) out of the built up areas and into a more rural setting. By doing so, this reduces the number of parcels / property owners affected by land acquisitions needed to meet the new RoW requirements. It also reduced the number of roadside building to be demolished. 2. Alignment - Outside of developed areas, the design has to the extent possible, followed the existing road alignment. This has led in some case to what may be considered to be a somewhat 'sub-standard' geometric alignment for a new state highway facility but offers the advantage of minimizing impact on adjacent agricultural and forest areas. 3. Embankment construction - The introduction of 'toe' retaining walls in some areas of high fill construction in order to reduce the width of new RoW required. Furthermore, in a few areas the embankment is required to be constructed in or close to existing ponds. The 'toe' wall approach reduced the extent of the encroachment into important local resources. 4. Traffic management during construction As far as possible the design has included for the reconstruction of cross drainage structures to be in the same location as the existing that they are to replace and for the use of single-lane traffic flows during construction work. In several case, this has eliminated the need for temporary road detours at such sites leading to corresponding reductions in (temporary) property acquisition and disturbance of local property usage. 1.4 Objective of the Resettlement Plan The resettlement plan (RP) is guided by the National R&R Policy - 2007, JH R&R Norms 2009, Bihar R&R Policy - 2007 and various state laws on land acquisition, and relevant ADB Policy on Involuntary Resettlement (1995) and Operations Manual F2 on Involuntary Resettlement (2006). The primary objective of the RP is to identify impacts and to plan measures to mitigate various losses of the subproject. The RP is based on the general findings of the resettlement census survey, field visits, and meetings with various project-affected persons in the subproject area. The RP presents (i) type and extent of loss of assets, including land and structures; (ii) principles and legal framework applicable for mitigation of losses; (iii) entitlement matrix, based on the inventory of loss and (iii) budget, institutional framework for the implementation of the plan, including monitoring and evaluation. - 13 -
CHAPTER II: THE PROJECT STATE & SUBPROJECT DISTRICTS This chapter presents an overview of the Project state highlighting the central issues for development such as demographic trends, state of the economy, poverty, literacy, and trends in urbanization. Socio-demographic as well as economic realities of the subproject districts falling in Package III namely Dumka, Pakur and Sahibganj has also been detailed below. 2.1. The Project State The state of Jharkhand (JH) as the name suggests spreads over most of the mountainous plateau and forest region of the erstwhile State of Bihar and covers most of Chotta Nagpur Region. Jharkhand became the 28 th State of the Indian Federation on November 15 th 2000. The State originally comprised of 18 districts. Later on, four new districts Simdega (out of Gumla), Latehar (out of Palammu), Saraikela (out of West Singhbhum) and Jamtara (out of Dumka) were carved out making 22 districts. Table 2.1 below presents the key socio-demographic data of the State and subproject districts falling in Package III. Table 2.1: Key socio-demographic data of the state and the Project districts District Population 2001 Decadal Growth Rate Sex Ratio Density 1991 2001 1991 2001 1991 2001 Dumka 1,754,571 23.05 17.31 955 961 241 282 Pakur 701,616 21.57 24.34 954 958 312 388 Sahibganj 927,584 19.69 25.89 924 943 461 580 Jharkand State 26,909,428 24.03 23.19 922 941 274 338 Source: Census of India, 2001 2.1.1. Socio Demographic Profile 6 Location: The state of Jharkhand is bordered by Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and West Bengal to its north, west, south and east respectively. The state is a plateau about 900 m above sea level. The highest part of the plateau is Netarhat, which has an elevation of 1100 m. The Parasnath Hill is the highest point with an elevation of 1460 m. The plateau is full of mountain ranges covered with dense forests. A number of rivers and rivulets flow down through the hilly terrains and valleys. Demographic Trends: Population of Jharkhand on 1 st March 2001 was 269,45,829 which gives it 13 th place among 28 States and 7 Union Territories 6 Source of information is Census Report, 2001 and Secondary data. - 14 -
of India. The population ratio between the State and India is 2.13 percent. Male to female ratio in the state is 941 females per 1000 males while in 1991 it was 922 females per 1000 males. The total area of the new state is 79.714 Sq.km which is 2.52 percent to that of India. The density of Population in Jharkhand is 274 persons per Sq. km with a rate of increase in population during 1991-2001 of 23.19%, slightly higher than the India s growth rate of 21.34%. Out of the total population, ST comprises 26.3% of the total (7,087,068) and SC comprises 12% (3,189,320). The state has a total of thirty (30) Scheduled Tribes. The Scheduled Tribes are primarily rural as 91.7per cent of them reside in villages. Santhal, Oraon, Munda, Ho, Kharia, Bhumij, Lohra and Kharwar are the major tribes found in the State of Jharkhand. The main languages spoken in Jharkhand are Santhali, Mundari, Kurukh, Khortha Nagpuria, Sadri, Kharia, Panchparagnia, Ho, Malto, Karmali, Hindi, Urdu, and Bangla. In some pockets Oriya, and Bhojpuri are also spoken. Literacy: The recent literacy rate in the state is 54.13%, up from 41.39% in 1991 and it is second from the bottom among 28 States and 7 Union Territories. The female literacy rate improved from 25.52 per cent in 1991 to 39.38 percent in 2001. 2.2 Subproject Districts 7 The following section presents a brief profile of the project districts 2.2.1. Dumka District The Dumka District is situated in the state of Jharkhand and is located at 86 16" North latitude and 87 15" East longitude. It is situated at the height of 472 ft from the sea level. The District covers an area of 3716.02 Sq.km with the population of 1106521. Out of this males constitute 51% and females constitute 49% of the total population. The male female ratio in the area is 962 females per 1000 males. The district is administratively divided into 2943 villages, 10 blocks and 20 Panchayats. Dumka has an average literacy rate of 38.08%, lower than the national average of 59.5% with male and female literacy of 49.98% and 25.71%. 12% of the population is under 6 years of age. 2.2.2. Pakur District Pakur district is situated in the north east corner of Jharkhand State. It is located at 23 o 40' to 25 o 18' latitude and 86 o 25' to 87 o 57' E. longitude. The district covers an area of 696.21 Sq. km. With the total population of 7,00,032. Out of this males constitute 51% and females constitute 49% of the total population. The male female ratio is 958 females per 1000 males. The percentage of population living in rural and urban is 95% and 5% respectively. The literacy rate in the district is very poor, the percentage being 24.25% with male and female literacy of 31.98% and 16.18%. 7 Source of information is Census Report, 2001 and Secondary data. - 15 -
The total cropped area of the district is 79270 ha followed by fallow land of 19580 hect. and land which is not available for cultivation amounting to an area of 32327 ha. Kharif and Rabi are the main agricultural seasons with paddy as main crop. 2.2.3. Sahibganj District The district of Sahibganj lies approximately between 24 0 42 north and 25 0 21 north latitude and between 87 0 25 and 87 0 54 east longitude. The District covers an area of 1599 sq km. with the total population of 9,27,770. Out of this males constitute 51% and females constitute 49% of the total population. The male female ratio is 942 females per 1000 males. The percentage of population living in rural and urban is 89% and 11% respectively. The district is administratively divided into 1819 villages, 9 blocks and 166 Panchayats. Sahibganj has an average literacy rate of 37.61% with male and female literacy rate being 47.93% and 26.56%. 21% of the population is below 6 years of age. The Sahibganj district has cultivable area of 1, 03,049 ha and non cultivable area of 8,585.44 ha. Kharif and Rabi are the main agricultural seasons with paddy as main crop. - 16 -
CHAPTER III: FINDINGS OF THE RESETTLEMENT CENSUS SURVEY The effective preparation and implementation of a Resettlement Plan largely depends to a large extent on appropriate and accurate socio-economic and resettlement census surveys of the affected households. The following chapter presents and discusses the findings of the resettlement census survey undertaken on the Package III Dumka - Barhet in January-February 2008. 3.1 Objective of the Resettlement Census Survey The resettlement census survey is a comprehensive survey that covered 100% households getting affected by the subproject (Pkg III), irrespective of their entitlement or ownership status. This survey was undertaken along the subproject by a trained survey team comprising of social researchers. The objective of the census survey was to identify the affected persons and generate an inventory of social and economic impacts on the project affected persons, the structures affected, socio-economic profile of the project affected people, their perceptions about the project and rehabilitation and resettlement options. A schedule was prepared to collect detailed information on the socio-economic status of the affected persons and households. In addition, considering the type of loss namely residential, commercial, residential-cum-commercial, land & trees etc, of the AP a loss-specific schedule was filled for that AP. A copy of the survey tools used during the census survey is annexed as Annexure 1. The census survey identified a total of 1588 affected households comprising of 10,025 persons will be affected by the subproject. 3.2 Methodology The key methods employed by the team during the course of the survey are in order: Marking of affected assets and structures as per the engineering design; One-to-one household interview with the affected households; Small group consultations, key informant interviews and focus group discussions were also undertaken with affected persons including women and vulnerable groups, shopkeepers, revenue officials and property dealers during the survey. 3.3 Findings of the Resettlement Census survey The following section will analyze the key data findings of the census survey. The census survey estimated that a total of 1588 households will be affected in the entire subproject in 74 villages. Table 3.2 below illustrates the subproject district wise list of affected households and affected persons identified during the course of the survey. However, the census survey could not be undertaken in two affected villages - 17 -
of Gopaladih and Amrapara in this package since the community in these two villages has reservations on the proposed alignment and hence proposing changes in the same. Once this issue is resolved, the census survey shall be undertaken in these two as per the finalised alignment. This RP shall be updated accordingly to include the affected persons identified in these two villages. Table 3.2 : District wise distribution of Affected households and persons covered during the Census Number of Subproject district Affected households (HHs) Affected Persons (APs) Dumka 720 4585 Pakur 549 3164 Sahebganj 319 2276 Total 1588 households 10,025 persons Source: Resettlement Census Survey, 2008 As illustrated in the data above of the 100 kms of the road section falling in Package III, the maximum road section traverses through Dumka hence constituting 45% of the total affected households, followed by Pakur with 35% of the total affected households and the remaining 20% of those affected fall in Sahebganj portion. The data gathered from the census survey reveals that amongst the affected 1588 households, the majority 60% will incur loss of agricultural land, followed by 25.6% households incurring loss of residential structures. In addition, 7% will incur impact on Commercial assets and 6% on residential cum commercial assets. Of the total 1588 affected households covered during the survey, only 26 households comprised of those incurring more than one type of loss, followed by households incurring other losses. The detailed list of affected persons and assets is enclosed as Annexure 2. The following section will analyze the key data findings of the census survey. 3.3.1 Social Profile of the Affected Households Socially Vulnerable Groups Certain groups of population by virtue of their socio-economic realities are considered socially vulnerable and thus in need of special consideration so that they can benefit from the road development project. These groups include: (a) Those who are below the poverty line (BPL); (b) Those who belong to tribal groups or scheduled tribes (ST) - 18 -
(c) Those who belong to scheduled castes (SC) 8 ; (d) Female-headed households (FHH); (e) Elderly and (f) Disabled persons Of the above groups, all the vulnerable groups were identified in the subproject area during the course of the census survey amongst the 1588 households. The majority 1270 affected households were identified amongst the total affected households as those comprising of the vulnerable groups. According to Table 3.3, 65% of the total affected households comprised of STs with a total of 1036 households. It is worthwhile to note that while 671 HHs (as per the Table below) are listed under STs, a total of 365 HHs listed under multiple vulnerability (out of the total 411 HHs) also comprise of STs hence bringing the number of ST HHs to 1036 HHs. Taking into account the impact of the project on ST households in package III, detailed study were undertaken both at the time of initial poverty and social assessment (IPSA) and census survey stage so as to ascertain the impacts of the project on the ST households and its impact on their socio-economic status and cultural identity. Despite the significant proportion of STs in the region and amongst the affected households, the analysis of impacts and losses did not bring forth any significant risk and impact on the socio-economic and cultural lives and patterns of the ST households. Based on the detailed analysis (detailed in Chapter 4), the need for a separate Indigenous People s Development Plan (IPDP) was not felt under the Project. Specific measures have been integrated into the entitlement framework of this plan so as to ensure mitigation of all adverse impacts on the ST households. For a detailed analysis of the socio-economic status of the ST HHs in the area and the affected ST HHs, please refer to Chapter 4. Out of the 1270 vulnerable households, 12% (153 HHs) live below the poverty line. The remaining 35 vulnerable affected households constitute of disabled, elderly, FHH and SC households. Table 3.3: Districtwise Vulnerability Status of affected households Name of the District Type of Vulnerability Dumka Pakur Sahibganj In No.s In %age In No.s In %age In No.s In %age Grand Total Below Poverty Line (BPL) 101 66.01 17 11.11 35 22.87 153 - Disabled 5 62.5-3 37.5 8 Elderly 6 50 5 41.66 1 8.33 12 Female Headed Households (FHH) 4 100 - - - - 4 9 8 Scheduled Caste (SC) is defined as the lowest caste in the Hindu caste system. 9 A total of 32 Female headed households will be affected as a result of the Project. Apart from the four mentioned in Table 3.3 the remaining fall in the multiple vulnerability category. - 19 -
Multiple Vulnerability 10 224 54.50 165 40.14 22 5.35 411 Not Applicable (N.A) 132 41.50 30 9.43 156 49.05 318 Scheduled Caste (SC) 10 90.90 - - 1 9.09 11 Scheduled Tribes (STs) 238 35.46 332 49.47 101 15.05 671 Grand Total 588 HHs 519 HHs 163 HHs 1270 HHs Source: Resettlement Census Survey, 2008 Taking into account the socio-economic vulnerabilities of the affected households, specific provisions have been incorporated in the RP to ensure that they are not marginalised in the process of development. 3.3.2 Household Size 58% of the affected households comprised of those with nuclear families, having 5-6 family members. Nearly one-fourth of those affected lived in joint family set up with 10-15 family members followed by 24% comprising of those living in large extended family set up with 15 and more members. 3.3.3 Primary Source of Income While the census survey data brought forth that 950 households will incur impact on agricultural land, analysis of income source data reveals that only in case of 14% of the total affected households, agriculture comprises the primary source of income. In case of 69% (1093 HHs) households, the source of income is diversified with households dependent upon multiple sources to meet their livelihood needs. Amongst this, agriculture, wage labour and small businesses comprise some of the key sources. As enumerated in Table 3.4 below, a total of 122 of the total affected households i.e. 8% households the primary income was being derived from labour activities. However, due to the poor state of agriculture in the region, nearly 90% of these households are engaged in non-agricultural labour with only 13 households deriving their income from purely agriculture labour. The subproject/road package of Dumka Barhet largely runs through villages with some town portions falling enroute. Due to the poor condition of the road at present, the area enroute is not commercially developed with the majority of the shops and businesses concentrated in major town areas only. Due to the limited business opportunities in the area, it is not surprising to see that only 6% (i.e. 99 HHs) of the total affected households are deriving their livelihood purely from trade and business activities. Of the remaining 54 households, the households are mainly engaged in profession (teachers, doctors etc), government service, Household industry, and allied agriculture. Despite the high presence of tribals in the area and amongst the affected households, forestry does not figure significantly in the livelihood sources. 10 Multiple Vulnerability comprises of households vulnerable on two accounts. For instance, a ST household which is also a Female headed household. - 20 -
Table 3.4: Main sources of income of the Affected Households Name of the District Sources of Income Dumka Pakur Sahibganj In No.s In %age In No.s In %age In No.s In %age Grand Total More Than One 468 42.81 393 35.95 232 21.22 1093 Agriculture 74 33.63 125 56.81 21 9.54 220 Non Agricultural Labour 56 51.37 12 11 41 37.61 109 Agricultural Labour 9 69.23 1 7.69 3 23.07 13 Trade/Business 75 75.75 14 14.14 10 10.10 99 Profession 12 75 2 12.5 2 12.5 16 Other 7 46.66 1 6.66 7 46.66 15 Govt. Service 10 83.33 1 8.33 1 8.33 12 - Hh Industry 3 60-2 40 5 Forestry 3 100 - - - - 3 Allied Agriculture 2 100 - - - - 2 Dairy 1 100 - - - - 1 Grand Total 720 HHs 549 HHs 319 HHs 1588 HHs Source: Resettlement Census Survey, 2008 3.3.4 Annual Income Patterns of the Affected Households Table 3.5 bring out that nearly 59 percent (934 households) of the total households have annual income below Rs. 25,000 thereby comprising of BPL and low income households. In addition, nearly 24 percent of the affected households in the project area also belong to the lower middle income group with an annual income between Rs. 25,001 to Rs. 45,000. 7 percent of the households fell in the income category Rs. 45,001 65,000. There was a progressive decline of number of households with increase in income levels. Table 3.5: Districtwise Annual Income Patterns of the affected households Annual Income (In Rs.) Name of the District Dumka Pakur Sahibganj In No.s In %age In No.s In %age In No.s In %age Grand Total Less Than 25000 382 40.89 370 39.61 182 19.48 934 25001-45000 178 47.08 113 29.89 87 23.01 378 45001-65000 59 50 31 26.27 28 23.72 118-21 -
65001-85000 42 65.62 12 18.75 10 15.62 64 85001-100000 13 50 7 26.92 6 23.07 26 More Than 100000 46 67.64 16 23.52 6 8.82 68 1588 Grand Total 720 HHs 549 HHs 319 HHs HHs Source: Resettlement Census Survey, 2008 3.3.5 Primary Income earner Out of the total 1588 affected households, in 82% of the households (Table 3.6) men are involved in the income earning and comprise of the primary income earner of the households. In only 13% of the affected households both male and female members are involved as contributors to the total income, whereas a very small proportion i.e. 4.5% of the affected households had females as the main income earner outside the ambit of the household. In other words the Resettlement Census data, clearly reflects that despite the presence of ST population in which women play a key role in HH economy, the majority proportion of men are involved in economic activity, thereby reflecting women s status in the region with the majority of them being socially as well as financially dependent upon the men folk. Table 3.6: Districtwise Main income earners in the affected HHs Name of the District PRIMARY INCOME EARNER Dumka Pakur Sahibganj In No.s In %age In No.s In %age In No.s In %age Grand Total Both 78 37.32 94 44.97 37 17.70 209 Female 37 51.38 20 27.77 15 20.83 72 Male 605 46.8 435 33.28 267 20.42 1307 Grand Total 720 HHs 549 HHs 319 HHs 1588 HHs Source: Resettlement Census Survey, 2008 3.4 Gender Impacts of the subproject 3.4.1 Gender Analysis Like many other countries in the developing world, Indian women too fare worse than men on most of the social indicators. Gender Development Index (GDI) which adjusts the average achievement of each country in life expectancy, educational attainment and income in accordance with the disparity in achievement between women and men, is a powerful tool for tracking the trends in women s development. India with GDI value of 0.591 ranks 96 th in the World (UNDP Human Development Indicators 2004) - this exhibits the lower value placed on women in India. - 22 -
In comparison to the all-india sex ratio of 933 females per 1000 males, the state of JH fares better off with a sex ratio of 941 females per 1000 males (Census 2001). The subproject district wise sex ratio in purview of national context, the three subproject districts of Jharkhand have a higher ratio than the national ratio. Literacy rate is another parameter to assess the status of women in the society. Table 3.7 below presents the literacy rate among the male and female population at the national, state and project districts level. In the three districts, the literacy rate is much lower than the national average with some districts having literacy rate as low as 16% as noted in case of Pakur. Among all the districts the female literacy rate is less than the male literacy rate. Table 3.7: Literacy rate of the Project districts S.No. State/Districts Literacy rate (%) Male Female 1. India 65.38 75.96 54.28 2. Jharkhand 54.13 67.64 38.39 3. Dumka 38.08 49.98 25.71 4. Pakur 24.25 31.98 16.18 5. Sahebganj 37.16 47.93 26.56 Source: Resettlement Census Survey, 2008 Through the discussions and consultations held with the women, villagers and teachers in the project area, it was found that at the primary level the enrolment ratio of male and female is 50:50 but as the level increases the number of the female enrolment decreases with a sharp drop-out particularly after the middle school amongst the girls. One of the reasons quoted for the drop-out amongst girls was voiced as the unavailability of higher schools in and around the village and the lack of connectivity to the higher level education due to which many households on security and mobility grounds decline from sending their girls to school outside the village. The Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) in the state of Jharkhand is 504 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births against the national MMR of 540. The majority of the child births in the Project area and villages, as shared by the Anganwadi and local community, take place at home by the traditional Dais (midwives). In some tribal villages, women shared usage of axe for cutting of the umbilical cord of the newly born baby by the local dais raising serious concerns on aspects of health, and hygiene issues. On discussion with women groups, it was found that the major health problems faced by the women in the project area comprise of malaria, anaemia, maternal anaemia, jaundice and sexually transmitted diseases (STI). For the treatment of these diseases, in majority of the cases women either access the Public Health Centres in the villages or to the local doctors (quacks) and ANM s. Only in case of the serious health problem, they go to the Hospitals situated in the nearest districts. One of the barriers to accessing health facilities was pointed out as poor - 23 -
road condition by women. They shared that since the road condition is so poor that they largely take recourse to the medicine given by the local quacks for their ailments. Accessing health facilities become near impossible for many during night time and during rainy season particularly during child birth risking the life of both mother and child in case of emergencies. Gender analysis was also undertaken during the course of the social assessments to look into the current status and needs of the women in the study area and the potential impact of the Project on them by means of undertaking PRA techniques such as decision-making, mobility mapping etc. In addition, series of FGD s were held with women belonging to various socio-economic groups in the subproject /package area to capture women s collective perceptions about social, economic and cultural norms and their ability to access facilities. Women s were also consulted to take their views and perceptions on the Project impacts. 3.4.2 Gender impacts of the Project The augmentation of road network and services, as per the women participants, will have far-reaching impacts on them and their lives. Firstly, they expressed that their mobility will be greatly enhanced. The Project would definitely augment the frequency and quality of the transport, thereby further improving access of women to various services and by and large women of various castes and communities on each of the project packages expressed the need for the road construction. They were of the opinion that they will especially benefit from the Project, since their mobility will be augmented both in terms of access to social services, as well as access to higher levels of schooling. The road construction would also considerably augment their access to higher levels of health care outside the village. In other words, the Project will provide both men and women and offer special benefits to women by increasing the opportunity for girls to access middle level and higher education, and the access for women and children to improved local services and higher levels of health care outside the village. However, in terms of safety, women voiced some concerns particularly with regard to the safety of their children as they were of the opinion that the widening & upgradation of the road would increase the number of the vehicles thereby increasing the safety hazards for children, elderly as well as women. Another negative impact of the project considered by women is the loss of the assets that includes the land, houses and other assets. The Project is anticipated to have direct adverse impacts on a total of 32 FHHs. Table 3.8 below enumerates the impacts on Female headed households (FHH). As enumerated in the table, the majority of the FHH will incur impact on agricultural land. In majority of the cases the FHH will lose less than 5% of their total land holding hence having limited impact on their income. - 24 -