Compound Terms in English and Lithuanian Legal Acts on Migration Policy Olga Ušinskienė and Sigita Rackevičienė Mykolas Romeris University 27 May 2017
Relevance of the topic; The aim of the research; The object of the research; Sources; The procedure of the research; Conclusions Content
Compounding as one of the most productive processes in word-formation; Definition of compounds; The principle of linguistic economy; Compounds vs phrases. The main criteria for distinguishing compounds from phrases: phonological, syntactic and semantic. Relevance of the topic
The aim of the research: To analyse the formal types of English compound terms used in legal acts on migration policy and investigate their Lithuanian equivalents. The objectives: To analyse theoretical works on the phenomenon of compounding and define the principles of the empirical analysis; To investigate the selected English compounds, classify them according to their formal sturcture and conduct their quantitative analysis; To investigate the Lithuaniana equivalents of each formal type of English compounds and determine their predominant formal patterns. The aim and objectives
The object of the research 59 English compound terms and their Lithuanian equivalents. 1. Art.2(c) of Council Directive 2003/9/EC (Asylum Procedures Directive) 2. Art. 8(3) of Directive 2008/115/EC (Return Directive) 3. Articles 3(1)(d) and 6(e) of Council Decision 573/2007/EC establishing the Refugee Fund 4. Art. 8 of UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, General Comment No 6 and RA: Study on separated, asylum seeking children in EU Member States, 2010 5. Art. 2(l) of Directive 2011/95/EU (Recast Qualification Directive) 6. Art. 2 (d) of Council Directive 2003/86/EC (Family Reunification Directive) http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en-lt/txt/?uri=celex:32003l0086&fromtab=all&from=en 7. Arts. 3(b) and 3(c) of Proposal for a Directive on conditions of entry and residence of third-country nationals in the framework of an intra-corporate transfer (COM(2010) 378 final) 8. Regulation (EU) No 516/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014 establishing the Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund, amending Council Decision 2008/381/EC and repealing Decisions No 573/2007/EC and No 575/2007/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Council Decision 2007/435/EC 9. Art. 2(i) of Directive 2013/33/EU (Recast Reception Conditions Directive) 10. Commission Staff Working Document SEC/2008/2029 11. Art. 2(9) of Council Regulation (EC) No 562/2006 (Schengen Borders Code) 12. Asylum and Migration Glossary 3.0 produced by the European Migration Network, October 2014. The object of the research and sources:
The analytical-descriptive research - to systematize the extracted compound terms and describe them according to the following criteria: 1) number of constituents; 2) word classes of constituents; 3) linking of constituents. The Quantitative analysis - to establish the frequency of the usage of compound terms in English and Lithuanian. The procedure of the research
ENGLISH TWO-CONSTITUENT COMPOUND TERMS OPEN COMPOUNDS HYPHENATED COMPOUNDS N+N(head): 1) N+N(head) Accommodation centre Asylum-seeker Asylum application Case-law Asylum flow Cost-effectiveness Asylum seeker Responsibility-sharing Asylum shopping Time-limit Asylum system 2) V(head) + Q.W Border area Know-how Border control Border crossing Border resident Brain circulation Brain drain Brain gain Brain waste Word classes of constituents
ENGLISH THREE-CONSTITUENT COMPOUND TERMS OPEN COMPOUNDS MIXED COMPOUNDS N+N+N(head) Border crossing point; Refugee status determination; Contract migrant worker N+N+N(head) Cross-border worker I. N+N+N: Burden-sharing operations; Adj+N+N: Long-stay viza; Short-stay viza; Long-term migration; Long-term resident; Num+N+N: Third-country nationals; First-degree relatives; V+N+N: Cross-border worker; II. N+Adj+N: Pref+Adj+N: Programme-specific indicators; Child-friendly justice; Intra-corporate transferee; III. V+V+N: Push-pull factor IV. Pref+Initialism+N: Non-EU national Word classes of constituents
ENGLISH FOUR-CONSTITUENT COMPOUND TERMS MIXED COMPOUNDS N + Adj + N + N(head) Gender-sensitive asylum procedure Adj + N + N + N(head) High-quality asylum procedures Word classes of constituents
Compound terms according to the number of constituents
Linking of constituents
Linking of constituents
LITHUANIAN EQUIVALENTS OF ENGLISH TWO-CONSTITUENT COMPOUND TERMS (I) 1. N Gen. + N Nom.(head) Accommodation centre - Apgyvendinimo centras; Asylum application - Prieglobsčio prašymas; Asylum seeker - Prieglobsčio prašytojas; Asylum system Prieglobsčio sistema; Border area Pasienio teritorija; Border control - Pasienio kontrolė; Border crossing - Sienos kirtimas; Border resident - Pasienio gyventojas; Brain circulation - Protų apykaita; Brain drain - Protų nutekėjimas; Brain gain - Protų pritraukimas; Brain waste - Protų švaistymas; Word classes of constituents
LITHUANIAN EQUIVALENTS OF ENGLISH TWO-CONSTITUENT COMPOUND TERMS (II) 2. Adj + N Nom.(head) Chain migration Grandininė migracija; Time-limit Nustatytas laikotarpis; Know-how Praktinė patirtis 3. N Gen. + N Gen. + N Nom.(head) Asylum flow - Exclusion clause - Prieglobsčio prašytojų srautas; Prašymo atmetimo pagrindai; 4. N Nom.(head) + Preposit. Phrase Convention refugee - Pabėgėlis pagal Konvenciją; Expulsion decision - Sprendimas dėl išsiuntimo; War refugee - Pabėgėlis dėl pilietinio karo; Word classes of constituents
English LITHUANIAN EQUIVALENTS OF ENGLISH THREE-CONSTITUENT COMPOUND TERMS Lithuanian *+ N + N 1.Compound Adj.+N. Long-stay viza ilgalaikė viza; Short-stay viza trumpalaikė viza; Long-term migration ilgalaikė migracija; Long-term resident ilgalaikis gyventojas. 2. N Gen.+N Gen. +N Burden-sharing operations naštos pasidalijimo operacijos 3. Nom.+Participial. Phrase Cross-border worker darbuotojas, kertantis vidaus sienas 4. Num. Gen.+N Gen.+ N Nom. Third-country nationals trečiųjų šalių piliečiai; First-degree relatives pirmos eilės giminaičiai. *+Adj+N Participial phrase + N. Programme-specific indicators su konkrečiomis programomis susieti rodikliai; Child-friendly justice vaiko interesus atitinkantis teisingumas; Intra-corporate transferee bendrovės viduje perkeliamas asmuo. *+V+N N Gen.+N Gen.+N Push-pull factor stūmimo-traukos veiksnys Pref+Initialism+N Pref+Initialism+N Non-EU national ne ES pilietis Word classes of constituents
LITHUANIAN EQUIVALENTS OF ENGLISH FOUR-CONSTITUENT COMPOUND TERMS English N + Adj + N + N Gender-sensitive asylum procedure Adj + N + N + N High-quality asylum procedures Lithuanian N Gen. + N(head) + Participial phrase Prieglobsčio procedūra, atsižvelgiant į lyčių skirtumus Adj.+N Gen.+ NGen. +N(head) Kokybiška prieglobsčio suteikimo procedūra Word classes of constituents
Lithuanian equivalents according to the number of constituents
Conclusions: 1. Predominant type according to the number of consitutens in EN and LT- two-constituent terms. In English open and hyphenated compounds. In Lithuanian phrases, consisting of two words: the head and its modifier used pre-positionally. 2. Formal patterns of two-word terms: N+N: In English 39 and in Lithuanian -26 out of 59. 3. Formal patterns of three-word terms: a) In all English terms modifiers are used pre-positionally. b) In the Lithuanian terms both pre-positional and postpositional modifiers are observed. The ones used postpositionally include function words. E.g. prieglobsčio prašytojų srautas; pabėgėlis pagal Konvenciją. 4. Formal patterns of four-word terms: a) In English all modifiers are used pre-positionally. The head governs two modifiers one of which is a noun and the other is a hyphenated compound, e.g. gender-sensitive asylum procedure. b) In most Lithuanian cases modifiers are used postpositionally or both pre-positionally and postpositionally, e.g. prieglobsčio procedūra, atsižvelgiant į lyčių skirtumus; darbuotojas, kertantis vidaus sienas Such long Lithuanian terms usually include participial phrases: Head +participial phrase (Participal + its modifiers) 5. In English user-frienliness criterion, in Lithuanian the criterion of precision. Conclusions
Thank you for attention!